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Description UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW General Environmental Science I ENV 122 LAB: Virtual Landfill and Wastewater Treatment Tours Name: ______________________ Please watch the video at the following link to get a virtual tour of a landfill and answer the questions about your virtual tour: https://youtu.be/P_CNawTetqw 1. Name three things a modern landfill is designed to protect 2. How much of the landfill site is actually the landfill? List at least three things we find on the landfill site in addition to the landfill itself. 3. What is a cell in the context of a landfill? 4. What is the purpose of the cell liner? 5. What is the working face? 6. What is the purpose of the liner that is used to cover the working face at the end of each day? 7. How is odor minimized at the landfill and where does the water they use come from? 8. What are the two main by-products produced by the landfill captured in the wells? 9. What happens with the methane captured at the landfill? 10. How much energy can one cell generate? 11. What is the name for the liquid that is produced by the decomposition of trash? 12. How is leachate formed and where does it go once it leaves the landfill? 13. How long can a landfill be monitored after it is closed? 14. What are some things that closed landfills have been turned into? Now you will take a virtual tour of the Alexandria wastewater treatment plant using the following link and answer the questions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mxvOXxEO18 1. How much water is typically cleaned every day at AlexRenew? 2. What is the first step in water processing once the water reaches the AlexRenew plant? 3. How is the grit removed from the water? 4. What happens in the primary settling tanks? 5. Where does the water go after the primary settling tanks? 6. What are the two kinds of microbes in the BRBs (Biological Reactor Basins)? What does this step of the wastewater treatment do? 7. Where does the water go when it exits the BRBs? 8. How is phosphorus removed in the tertiary settling tanks? 9. How is the water disinfected before it is discharged? 10. Where is the water from AlexRenew discharged? 11. What are two by-products from the sludge and how are they used? 12. How is water reused at AlexRenew? 13. What color pipes are used for reclaimed water? How is the reclaimed water used? Purchase answer to see full attachment User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

and the second would react a similar display. with an Upright Kick. Voss (1977) referred The Upright Wing Stretch was rarely observed during sequences of 2 or more to similar situations as attack sequences

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Description UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Provide problem numbers and labels for your answers, e.g. 5a) .... 5b) ..... careful! This homework includes questions about 2018 Earthwatch! 1) Lecture 24. 2006 World carbon emissions. This was BEFORE China surpassed the U.S. in 2008 at the world’s biggest CO2 emitter. a) Compare the total emission between China and the U.S.. Provide numbers. A comparison is more than just providing the numbers for each! (0.5 pt) b) Now do the same for per person emissions. (0.5 pt) c) In 2002, what was the percentage energy consumption for each of the fossil fuels? (0.75 pt) d) What is the primary pollutant from fossil fuels? provide numbers (0.25 pt) e) Ozone is a pollutant. Provide three problems associated with it. (0.75 pt) f) How is it produced on sunny days? (0.25 pt) g) How is it produced in agriculture? (0.5 pt) (3.5 points total) 2) Lecture 24 – Acid rain: a) Which process is the main cause for acid rain in the Eastern U.S.? What is the offending chemical compound? (0.5 pt) b) Now answer the same questions for Southern California. (0.5 pt) c) Now answer the same questions for California’s Central and Imperial Valleys. (0.5 pt) d) What does acid rain do to fresh water lakes? (0.5 pt) e) Acid rain causes tree kill. Which kind of tree is most affected? (0.5 pt) f) How much of Canada’s fallout has a source in the U.S.? (0.5 pt) g) What did the U.S. congress do to deal with this problem? And When? (0.5 pt) (3.5 points total) 3) Earthwatch Nov 19, 2018 (!!): a) Which South American desert experienced the first rain in 500 years? (0.5 pt) b) What was the consequence to local life forms in the area? (0.5 pt) c) follow the link. This desert receives less precipitation than which other deserts? (0.5 pt) d) Which ocean and which strong atmospheric process are primarily responsible for the extreme aridity of this desert? (0.5 pt) e) An Antarctic cold storm in 2011 brought how much snow to the plateau? (0.5 pt) f) What was the consequence for people there? (0.5 pt) (3 points total) CONTINUED NEXT PAGE 4) 3)-CONTINUED! a) The surroundings of which abandoned town are particularly arid? (0.5 pt) b) What is the average rainfall? (0.5 pt) c) When was the last year in which significant rainfall occurred before 1971? (0.5 pt) d) Since when has this area experienced extreme hyperaridity, possibly making it the oldest desert on Earth? (0.5 pt) e) The desert is so dry because it sits in the rain shadow of which two mountain ranges? (0.5 pt) f) Which other planet in the solar system may have similar environments? (0.5 pt) (3 points total) 5) Earthwatch Nov 26, 2018 (!!): a) How many people were killed by Cyclone Gaja? (0.5 pt) b) follow the link: When did the storm become a named cyclone? (0.5 pt) c) The storm crossed southern India. From which direction did it approach? (0.5 pt) d) Click on the storm track image, and then the ‘More details’ box. What category was this storm during landfall in southern India? (0.5 pt) e) Go back to the Earthwatch page, this entry. What is the name of the Tamil state that this cyclone crossed? (0.5 pt) f) Follow the link. By area and by population, rank this state compared to the other states in India. (0.5 pt) (3 points total) 6) Open the kmz file for Tropical Storm Raymond in Google Earth. a) In which part of which ocean did this storm occur? (0.25 pt) b) What was its highest storm category? (0.25 pt) c) When did this storm become a named storm? (provide date and time with units!) (0.5 pt) d) At that time, what were the min. sea level pressure and maximum wind speed? (provide units!) (0.5 pt) e) At which point in time (or time interval) was this storm strongest. Consider both min sea surface pressure AND max. intensity! (0.5 pt) f) During that time, what were min. sea level pressure and max. intensity? (provide units!) (0.5 pt) g) In terms of geometry of the storm track, what happened to the storm at 0000 UTC on Nov 17? Be as detailed as possible. (0.5 pt) h) What happened to the strength of the storm? (be as detailed as possible; provide storm categories if applicable) (0.5 pt) i) While it was tropical storm Raymond how long was its travel path? (in km; allowed error margin 3 km) (0.5 pt) (4 points total) Additional Instructions for 6i): Only include the waypoints while it was TS Raymond. When measuring distance, make sure to choose km. Also choose “path” in the ruler tool (not “line”). This allows you to click on each TS Raymond point along a curved track to measure the travel distance more precisely. Purchase answer to see full attachment User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

MacKenzie

Description    UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Renewable Energy: Capstone Introduction Renewable energy is the key to a sustainable future. All other forms of energy will eventually run out, whether it is oil within the next century or coal within the next several hundred. At some point in the future, we will need to be totally reliant on renewable forms or else we will have nothing left to “burn”. Renewable energy is also a key to a sustainable future in that it has a much smaller environmental impact. The largest impact for many renewable forms is the damage done in getting the materials to make the machinery to harvest the energy. For some, the only other impact is aesthetic (ugly solar panels and noisy windmills); for others, the impact can be fairly large (river ecosystem converted to lake by hydroelectric). However, the overall impact is much smaller than fossil fuels or nuclear energy, which has large extraction and waste problems. The drawbacks to using renewable energy are availability and economics. Some forms of renewable energy are not readily available in certain locations, such as solar panels in a cloud forest. In other locations, they might be available, but at a cost that makes them very uneconomical. Some forms of renewable energy are uneconomical no matter where they are placed. Activity In this capstone activity, we are going to look at the availability and economics of solar and wind power where you live. To do this, we are going to need maps of available sunshine provided by the U.S. government. We are also going to need to know the price of solar panels and wind turbines that are commercially available. Foremost, though, we are going to need to know how much electrical energy you use before we proceed to estimate the cost of using renewable energy. Finding out how much electrical energy we use is actually quite easy. All that one needs to do is to either monitor their electric meter for some period of time, or review their electrical bills. Either of these two methods will give you an exact amount for how much electricity you use. However, this value will tell you nothing about the sources of your usage. It will also only tell you what your usage was for the past, which depended greatly upon conditions in the past such as the indoor and outdoor temperatures. What we really want is a way of estimating your usage in the future, and finding ways of controlling it. In order to do this, we are going to estimate how much usage you have by looking at the individual appliances in your home. To help us in the venture, we are going to use the Home Energy Saver online calculator (http://hes.lbl.gov/consumer/) from the U.S. Department of Energy. This calculator allows one to make as detailed an estimate as one would like, or as general as possible. In order to have an estimate that is as accurate as possible, you will need to know some information about the appliances in your home, such as their wattage and the amount of time that they are turned on during an average week. If you cannot find that information, the calculator will allow you to choose national average values for wattages and time usage. Using the calculator is quite simple. At the front page, put in your zip code. You will be sent to a page to enter some basic information about your home, such as the date that it was built, the amount of livable square footage, and the types of energy used. After filling out the appropriate slots on that page, click Save Answers. This will take you to another page that has links to various aspects about a home, such as water heater, lighting, etc. The calculator will also assign you a Session ID number, which you should write down on the activity sheet (the number is found next to the Calculate button). Clicking on each on of these factor links will allow you to personalize the information about your home, such as what type of air conditioner you have and what are your temperature settings. After you have visited a link, the page will place a blue dot by that link to tell you that you have already filled in that information. When you are all done with the factors, click the Calculate button. The server will then take some time (usually 20 seconds) to calculate the usage in your home and to present the information back to you in the form of a bar graph with dollar amounts for using the different components in your home. Information about the amount of electrical energy used can be received by clicking on the “Compare” tab on the top of the page, and then “Details” underneath “Compare”. This will open a new window that contains the information. Use this information to fill in the activity sheet below. Now that we have the approximate electrical energy usage per year, we are prepared to investigate the economics of using solar or wind energy in your present location. Let us start with solar energy. Use the annual solar radiation map from the National Renewable Energy Labs (https://www.nrel.gov/gis/assets/images/solar-annual-ghi-2018-usa-scale-01.jpg) to find out the average amount of solar energy that strikes a 1-m2 solar panel at your current location. Enter this value on the activity sheet and then multiply it by 365 days in order to calculate Average Annual Solar Energy (AASE) that is striking the surface in a year. Since most standard solar panels are only about 12% efficient, this number needs to be divided by 8 in order to calculate the Average Annual Solar Panel Output (AASPO) a 1-m2 solar panel per year in your area. If this number is then divided into the total amount of electrical energy needed for you home, you will have estimated the area of solar panels that you need to meet your electrical needs for the year. Using current price estimates (they vary quite a bit, but $800/sq meter is a good average) for solar panels then allows you to calculate the price of putting in solar panels. After finishing filling in this data, answer the questions on the activity sheet. On the last question, you will be asked to re-visit the calculator to make changes in your home. Go to next page… Activity Sheet Renewable Capstone ESA21: Environmental Science Activities Name: 1. (15 points) Initial Data Area Heating Cooling Hot Water Large Appliances Small Appliances Lighting Total Kwhr Therms CO2 Elect. Cost Gas Cost AASE at your location (value from map times 365) = _________ kwhr/m2 AASPO at your location = (AASE divided by 8) = ________ kwhr/m2 Size of solar panel needed for your location = Total Kwhr (from table) divided by AASPO = _______ m2 Average cost of 1-m2 commercial solar panel = $800 / m2 2. (10 points) Estimated cost of home solar system = Size of solar panel x average cost = $_______ 3. (25 points) The average solar panel system should last about 25-30 years before it needs to be replaced. If you were to keep paying the same cost for electricity that you do now, how does the total cost of a solar system compare to what you will pay over that time span? 4. (25 points) As oil prices continue to increase, it is expected that all energy costs will go up. If this happens, you can expect to pay more for electricity in the future. If the cost were to double over the next decade, how would this affect your answer to question 1? 5. (25 points) If you used less electricity, you could put in a smaller solar system, thereby reducing your total cost. Go back to the calculator (remember your Session ID number and under the Describe tab choose Detailed Input) and make the following changes: a) increase summer thermostat settings by 2 degrees, b) decrease winter thermostat settings by 2 degrees, c) reduce dryer loads to 0 (use a clothesline), and d) reduce dishwasher loads to 0 (wash dishes by hand). All of these changes will cost you no money. By how much did this decrease the amount of electricity you used? By how much did the size of your solar system decrease? Is your system more reasonable now? Purchase answer to see full attachment User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Inc. All rights reserved. Not for resale or redistribution. Case Study: Palm Oil Production and Deforestation in Borneo Section 1.3 The Impact Conversion of Borneo’s rain forests to palm oil plantations may result in a number of serious environmental and social problems. Many different types of wildlife depend on forests as their natural habitat—the place or set of conditions an organism depends on for survival— so deforestation leads to high rates of biodiversity loss and extinction

Description   UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW EVR2001: Introduction to Environmental Science Writing Project Invasive Species Guidelines GUIDELINES: • Choose one (1) invasive species (plant, animal, bacteria, etc.) to research. o National Invasive Species Information Center: http://www.invasivespecies.gov/ o Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health: http://www.invasive.org o Make sure it is INVASIVE ? Not just introduced (must be causing some sort of harm to non-native environment) ? Cannot be just a pest (Example: native rabbits or mosquitos) ? This is not a report on an endangered species. • Describe the invasive species in detail. • Provide background on the species and its native environment. • Describe the non-native ecosystem in which the invasive species is found. • Describe some techniques being used to manage the species. • Explicitly state whether more or less should be done to manage the species. o Support your position • Some questions to think about: o Where did the species originate? o What are some characteristics of your species? o Does it have any natural predators? o Where has the invasive species spread? o How was it introduced to the non-native environment? o What are the consequences/rewards of the invasive species inhabiting the new environment? o What kind of impacts has the invasive species had on the non-native ecosystem? o What effects has it had on other wildlife and the biodiversity of the ecosystem? Humans? The economy? RESEARCH PAPER RUBRIC: (130 points total) • Explain the species (20 points) o Physical description (5 points) o Background information about the invasive species (10 points) o Information about its native environment (5 points) • Issues surrounding the species (20 points) o How it was introduced (5 points) o What impact it has had on native species since introduction (10 points) o Role the species plays in the ecosystems to which it has been introduced (5 points) • Remedies (35 points) o At least one current method of eliminating the species is described (15 points) ? Including any positive or negative environmental impacts associated with it o Valid argument for why the species is or is not a great enough threat to prompt immediate (and potentially costly) action (20 points) ? Not an evaluation of whether you have chosen the ‘correct’ point of view ? Evaluation of how well you defend your position • • Citations & References (25 points) o In-text Citation (15 points) ? Citations formatted properly (3 points) o List of references/works cited (10 points) ? Formatted properly (3 points) Syntax & Organization (30 points) o Proper spelling & grammar (5 points) o Clear & concise thesis statement (5 points) ? Something simple like “This species is a problem because of X.” or “This paper looks at the effects species Y has caused on its introduced habitat.” o Paper flows smoothly from topic to topic (20 points) VIDEO/RECORDED LECTURE RUBRIC: (130 points total) • Explain the species (20 points) o Physical description (5 points) o Background information about the invasive species (10 points) o Information about its native environment (5 points) • Issues surrounding the species (20 points) o How it was introduced (5 points) o What impact it has had on native species since introduction (10 points) o Role the species plays in the ecosystems to which it has been introduced (5 points) • Remedies (35 points) o At least one current method of eliminating the species is described (15 points) ? Including any positive or negative environmental impacts associated with it o Valid argument for why the species is or is not a great enough threat to prompt immediate (and potentially costly) action (20 points) ? Not an evaluation of whether you have chosen the ‘correct’ point of view ? Evaluation of how well you defend your position • Citations & References (25 points) o In-text Citation (15 points) ? Citations formatted properly (3 points) o List of references/works cited (10 points) ? Formatted properly (3 points) • Presentation (30 points) o Proper spelling & grammar (5 points) o Clear speaking (10 points) o Appealing Presentation (15 points) EVR2001: Introduction to Environmental Science Writing Project City Environmental Impact Guidelines GUIDELINES: • Choose one (1) city to research. (Can be any city in the world) • General description of the city: o Population o Location o How big is it? (Area) o What type of environment is the city in (coastal, grassland, desert, etc.)? • How does the city get power/electricity? • How does the city get water? • Where does food come from? • What utilities are provided? • What is the main mode of transportation? • How quickly is its population growing? • How is trash & recycling managed? • Is there a composting program? • What is their main industry? (Fishing, farms, mining, etc.) • How is the city impacting the environment it’s in? • How could it be doing better? • Are there policies or services being provided to reduce the environmental impact? RESEARCH PAPER RUBRIC: (130 points total) • Explain the city (30 points) o General description (5 points) o Information about the city, it’s resources, and infrastructure (25 points) • Impact on the environment (20 points) o How is the city impacting the environment? (20 points) ? Include specific examples • Actions being taken (25 points) o At least one current method the city is using to improve or reduce environmental impact (10 points) ? Describe any impacts it may have on the city itself (traffic jams, water shortages, etc.) o Valid argument for whether the city should be doing more and a potential solution (15 points) ? Not an evaluation of whether you have chosen the ‘correct’ point of view ? Evaluation of how well you defend your position • Citations & References (25 points) o In-text Citation (15 points) ? Citations formatted properly (3 points) o List of references/works cited (10 points) ? Formatted properly (3 points) • Syntax & Organization (30 points) o Proper spelling & grammar (5 points) o Clear & concise thesis statement (5 points) ? Something simple like “This species is a problem because of X.” or “This paper looks at the effects species Y has caused on its introduced habitat.” o Paper flows smoothly from topic to topic (20 points) VIDEO/RECORDED LECTURE RUBRIC: (130 points total) • Explain the city (30 points) o General description (5 points) o Information about the city, it’s resources, and infrastructure (25 points) • Impact on the environment (20 points) o How is the city impacting the environment? (20 points) ? Include specific examples • Actions being taken (25 points) o At least one current method the city is using to improve or reduce environmental impact (10 points) ? Describe any impacts it may have on the city itself (traffic jams, water shortages, etc.) o Valid argument for whether the city should be doing more and a potential solution (15 points) ? Not an evaluation of whether you have chosen the ‘correct’ point of view ? Evaluation of how well you defend your position • Citations & References (25 points) o In-text Citation (15 points) ? Citations formatted properly (3 points) o List of references/works cited (10 points) ? Formatted properly (3 points) • Presentation (30 points) o Proper spelling & grammar (5 points) o Clear speaking (10 points) o Appealing Presentation (15 points) EVR2001: Introduction to Environmental Science Writing Project General Guidelines Understanding how humans have impacted and are impacted by changes in our environment is crucial to planning for the future on Earth. This project has you investigating some of those impacts by investigating a city or invasive species. PROJECT TOPICS: • Environmental Impact of a city (your choice of city) • Invasive Species (your choice of invasive species) TOPIC DUE: By 11:59PM on September 19, 2019 [5 points] OUTLINE, CITATIONS, & REFERENCES DUE: By 11:59PM on November 5, 2019 [15 points] FULL PROJECT DUE: By 11:59 p.m. on November 26, 2019 [130 points] TOPIC CHOICE INSTRUCTIONS: • Choose from the above options and decide what specific city or invasive species you will be researching. • Submit choices through the Canvas quiz online OUTLINE, CITATIONS, & REFERENCES INSTRUCTIONS: • Submit a text document (.doc, .docx, or .pdf) with the following to Canvas: o An outline of how the information in your project will flow [5 points] ? This can represent how it will be discussed in the video or the structure of your paper ? You can use bullet points (similar to this project instructions document) o That outline must also have information you have collected from sources about your topic o Information in your outline should have in-text citations to indicate where the information came from [5 points] o There should be a list of references at the end for all sources you have found & used so far [5 points] FINAL PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS: • Submit all final project documents to Canvas. Research Paper • 5-7 full pages (Not including References section or images) o 4 ¾ pages will not meet length requirement • APA format o Do not include Author note, abstract, or section titles (except for References) • Times New Roman font • Double-spaced • 1-inch margins • 12-point font • No quotations allowed • Indent each paragraph • Title page with your name & title of paper • No heading on first page of text • No extra spacing between paragraphs • .doc, .docx, or .pdf format • Paper written as a research paper and not a series of short-answer questions • Will only accept submissions to Canvas/Turnitin o Will not accept writing projects sent to me through email or Canvas message attachments • • Must work alone Images can be included at the end of your paper, before references, but will not be counted toward the length requirement • You will lose 15 points for every ½ page below or over the page limit in addition to content & format grading o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 4-page paper (not including images and References), you will get 100/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 4 ¾-page paper (not including images and References), you will get 115/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in an 8-page paper (not including images and References), you will get 100/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 7 ¼-page paper (not including images and References), you will get 115/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 4 ¼-page paper (not including images and References), you will get 115/130 Video/Recorded Lecture • Record a video (7-10 minutes long) o Can be giving a lecture o Can be a general video • Must include a transcript of text using the formatting guidelines from the research paper above to be submitted through Canvas as a .doc, .docx, or .pdf file. o This includes spoken script and any text used in video. o Does not need to be 5-7 pages o Transcript includes in-text citations and list of references • You can work in pairs, but both of you must be fairly equally featured in the video. • You will lose 15 points for every minute below or over the time limit in addition to content & format grading o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 5-minute video, you will get 100/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 6.5-minute video, you will get 115/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in a 10.5-minute video, you will get 115/130 o If you address every point fairly well, but turn in an 11-minute video, you will get 115/130 REFERENCES/CITATIONS: • All projects must use in-text citations and a “References” page • Include a “References” page (starts on a new page after your last page of text) o Must have at least 4 non-Wikipedia sources o Does not count towards page count. o 1 of your sources must be a source that states your species is invasive, or the official city website (if available) ? Examples: http://www.invasive.org, or https://www.buffalony.gov • Use in-text citations for any information obtained from sources o Use Author-Date citations (APA) SUBMISSION & NOTES: • Research Paper o Submit full paper to Canvas through Turnitin as .doc, .docx, or as .pdf only • Video/Recorded Lecture o Submit full transcript with References and in-text citations to Canvas through Turnitin as .doc, .docx, or as .pdf only o Videos can be submitted 2 ways: ? Through YouTube: include link to video in transcript ? • • • File submission: submit video files through Canvas Late submissions receive -50 points per day after deadline o Technical difficulties or problems with Canvas are no excuse for not turning in writing projects on time. 2 points will be deducted for every % your paper’s similarity score is above 20% o Example: Similarity score is 40%, you will receive -40 points o Similarity scores above 40% will be given a 0 and reported to the academic integrity office 5 points will be deducted for every quotation used. USEFUL WEBSITES: • Guide to writing a research paper o http://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.html • In-Text Citations & References o https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide o https://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author o http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/ • Generating References/References o http://www.citationmachine.net/apa/cite-a-website • Writing Help (USF Writing Center) o https://www.lib.usf.edu/writing/ • Purdue Writing Center (APA) o https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ge neral_format.html o https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ap a_sample_paper.html • How to write information in your own words (avoid plagiarism) o https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/quotingsources/ • Turnitin Guidelines o https://guides.turnitin.com/03_Integrations/Turnitin_Partner_Integrations/Canvas/Turnitin_LTI _1.0/Student/03_Submitting_a_Paper o https://guides.turnitin.com/01_Manuals_and_Guides/Student_Guides/Turnitin_Classic_(Deprecat ed)/09_Submitting_a_Paper Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 1 outline User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Description    UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW EN 100 Lab – Measuring Biodiversity GOAL: To learn how to calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index (D), an important index for measuring diversity. BACKGROUND: Remember from class that community diversity is an important metric for understanding the stability and resilience of an ecological community. The more species present, the more the food web is resilient to disturbances and/or can recover from them quickly. Ecologists use the terms species richness and species evenness to describe the diversity in an area. Richness refers simply to the number of species per sample. Example: We found 5 distinct tree species along a 1 mile road. The 1 mile stretch of road is the sample, and the richness is 5. The more species present in a sample, the richer that particular sample is. A drawback of this measurement is it gives as much weight to those species which have very few individuals as to those which have many individuals. For example, 1 dandelion has as much influence on the richness of an area as 1000 violets do (each is only counted once towards richness), but the violets are clearly more ecologically “weighty” (e.g. more influential to the rest of the ecological community). It’s possible to have a community with really high richness (200 species), but all but one of them are super rare, and thus only one species is influencing most of the community. That is a very different community than one that has 200 species all of which are relatively common. Thus, to be able to account for both the number of species and the commonness of those species, ecologists not only measure the number of species they find, but also calculate the relative abundance, a measure of the number of individuals of a species found divided by the total number of individuals of all species in the area. # ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????? ???? Relative abundance of species A = ???????????????????? # ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????? This number can never be truly known but only estimated because the total number of species is hard to know in any research area (there are often lots of very rare species that take extensive sampling to find). As a result, relative abundance usually increases non-linearly (like an s-curve) with sampling (the more you sample, the more you find; but it takes longer to find the very, very rare species). Evenness is a measure of the distribution of these relative abundances across all species in a sample. Example: a road with 10 dandelions, 10 roses, and 10 bluebells has very high evenness (relative abundance for each is 10/30 or 0.33). A road with 1 dandelion, 2 roses, and 27 bluebells has very low evenness because bluebells are very abundant (have high relative abundance, 0.9) compared to the other species (0.03 and 0.06). Notice that both samples have the same number of total flower species (or richness; 3 in each). Most ecologists would like to account for both richness and evenness in their sampling. Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity which takes into account both: Where: D = diversity (Simpson’s) n = the number of individuals in a species N = number of individuals across all species This is a generalized formula for all possible sampling efforts. The Greek letter ? means “the sum of”. As a scientist, you would plug in your specific numbers. For instance, using the numbers in the example above (1 dandelion, 2 roses, and 27 bluebells = 30 total individuals), you would get: D = 1 – [a(a-1) + b(b-1) + c(c-1)] [N(N-1)] where a = dandelions, b = roses, and c = bluebells D = 1 – [1(1-1) + 2(2-1) + 27(27-1)] [30(30-1)] D = 1 – (0 + 2 + 702) 870 D = 1 – 0.81 D = 0.19 Your answer will always be between 0 and 1, with 1 meaning higher diversity. You are going to get to practice collecting diversity data and using this formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index within a natural area of your choice. PRACTICE PROBLEM First, calculate the D (Simpson’s diversity) for this sample using the dataset below. Species A B C D E # of individuals 15 25 7 50 2 (n-1) How many total individuals across all species are there? N = ____________ Now, fill out the diversity formula and calculate D: Diversity = 1 - Diversity = 1 - ????(?????1)+????(?????1)+????(?????1)+????(?????1)+????(?????1) ????(?????1) ????(?????1)+????(?????1)+????(?????1)+????(?????1)+????(?????1) ????(?????1) D = _________ Note: you should have gotten 0.66 as your answer. If you didn’t, go back and see what you missed. SAMPLING ON YOUR OWN Now you get to collect your own real data and calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index. 1) Locate a nearby natural area, such as a forest or stand of trees where you can conduct field sampling. A local park or your own neighborhood will do. There just needs to be a lot of trees and you need to be able to safely (and legally) walk around (no trespassing!). 2) Take a 5 photos of your area, including a selfie. 3) Start at a point of your choosing; pick a direction that will lead you past lots of trees. 4) Walk for 200 to 500 steps in that one direction (depending on the size of your area and how spread out the trees are), noting every tree that you can see and identify without moving from your line. Try to get at least 30 trees. 5) As you move along your line (in science this is called a “transect”), fill out the following chart with your data. If you know the tree species’ name, list it in the chart. If not, make up a unique identifier for each species based on their different leaf shapes (e.g. star-shaped leaf, needle leaf, prickly edge leaf) or another characteristic – just make sure you don’t mix up your species! Species # of individuals n(n-1) 6) Now, calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for your transect sample. Show your work. Remember it has to be between 0 and 1. 7) Once you have your index, answer the following questions: a. What was your species richness? b. Which of your species had the highest relative abundance? The lowest? c. If you were trying to calculate the diversity of an entire forest, do you think it would be better to have fewer or more sampling transects? Why? d. Do you think an area that has been logged/thinned has higher or lower diversity than an area that has been left alone for a long time? Why or why not? Purchase answer to see full attachment User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

assuming the worst-­case scenario in which this pest kills all trees in its list of preferred hosts