Expert Answers

Directions: Type the question first followed by the answer in bold print. 1. What family does the Coronavirus belong to? 2. What is the incubation period? 3. How is the disease diagnosed? How is the disease treated? What are the symptoms? What are the means of prevention? 4. What age group and ethnic group is affected most by the virus? 5. Do you think a vaccine will be developed to eradicate the virus completely? 6. What causes the virus to mutant? 7. What drugs are used to treat viruses? 8. Once you have a virus can you get rid of it? 9. What is the mechanism do drugs used to treat viruses? 10. Name four drugs that are used to treat viruses. 11. What is the life cycle of viruses? 12. How many people in the world are affect by the Herpes Simplex Virus I (HSV-1)?5 13. Why can't dogs and cat catch the measles? 14. Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid animal so effective and why aren't people vaccinated for rabies like dogs and cats are? 15. How are viriods like viruses? 16. Why can't people from Great Britian refused to give blood in this country? It relates to Prions-mad cow disease. 17. List 5 types of DNA and RNA that affect humans, give symptoms, body systems that are affected, and treatment(s). 18. List the parts of viruses? 19. What distinguishes a bacterial infection from a viral infection? 20. What is unique about all viruses?

Diretions: Type the question first followed by the answer in bold print. 1. What family does the Coronavirus belong to? 2. What is the incubation period? 3. How is the disease diagnosed? How is the disease treated? What are the symptoms? What are the means of prevention? 4. What age group and ethnic group is affected most by the virus? 5. Do you think a vaccine will be developed soon?

Directions: Type the question first followed by the answer in bold print. Skip a line between each question. 1. Differentiate a virus from a bacterium. 2. Describe the chemical and physical structure of both an envelope and a nonenveloped virus. 3. Define viral species. 4. Give an example of a family, genus, and common name for a virus. 5. Describe how bacteriophages are cultured. What is the plaque method? 6. Describe how animal viruses are cultured. 7. Why are continuous cell lines of more practical use than primary cell lines for culturing viruses? 8. What causes Monkey Pox and are there mutant strains? 8. List three techniques used to identify viruses. 9. What tests could you use to identify the influenza virus in a patient? 10. Describe the lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophages. Describe the lytic cycle of T-even bacteriophage 11. Vibrio cholerae produces toxins and is capable of causing cholera only when it is lysogenic. What does this mean? 12. Compare and contrast the multiplication cycle of DNA- and RNA-containing animal viruses. 13. Describe the principal events of attachment, entry, uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation, and release of an enveloped DNA-containing virus. 14. Define oncogene and transformed cells. What is a provirus? 15. Discuss the relationship between DNA- and RNA-containing viruses and cancer. 16. How can an RNA virus cause cancer if it doesn’t have DNA to insert into a cell’s genome? 17. Provide an example of a latent viral infection. 18. Differentiate persistent viral infections from latent viral infections. Is shingles a persistent or latent infection? 19. Differentiate virus, viroid, and prion. 20 Describe the lytic cycle for a plant virus. 21. Discuss how a protein can be infectious. Contrast viroids and prions, and for each, name a disease it causes. 22. What is the mechanism that each of these drugs used to destroy or debilitate a virus? a. Paxlovid b. Evusheld 23. What a subvariants of viruses? 24. What causes the evolving of subvariants of viruese? 25. How does wastewater samples help to track and detect the circulation a Covid19? 26. What are some medicinal products that can be used to reduce the spread of Covid19? 27. How are vaccine effective in preventing the spread of Covid19. 28. Do you think that the number of Covid 19 will increase during the Fall 2022 and if so why? Give support from a refereed journal or browser (like webMD or JAMA)?

Week-12 Discussion Should we clone humans? A scientist team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Neuroscience announced in January 2018 that they successfully cloned two macaque monkeysLinks to an external site.. These are the first primates to be cloned and thus the technical hurdles to clone humans are cleared. First attempts at cloning macaque monkeys from adults were done in 2007 at the Oregon Health and Science UniversityLinks to an external site., but the resulting embryos were not implanted. Given the possibility of human cloning, would you feel this to be ethical? Note that this success is based on using fetal cells, not adult stem cells. The use of the latter has not been successful, which means that you cannot clone yourself right now, but could resurrect a miscarried embryo. See also the news report about the first cloned mammalLinks to an external site., Dolly the Sheep. The fact that scientists in China were able to clone two macaque monkeys is such an impressive milestone in biology and human advancement. Although it was just monkeys and not humans, the possibilities that are presented by this experiment are endless as a massive hurdle was knocked down with primates being cloned. The cloning of these two monkeys does present the possibility of human cloning down the line which leads to a lot of questions regarding the ethics of all this. Although I can see the logic in arguments for both sides, I don't believe that cloning would be ethical especially since the process involves fetal cells and not adult stem cells. I feel like this could be considered exploiting fetuses and the possibility of being able to resurrect a fetus that died in a miscarriage is also a tricky topic. I feel like using a miscarried embryo and cloning it would not necessarily be "resurrecting" it, instead it would just be a genetic copy of the embryo that was supposed to live. A very important factor when it comes to ethics in most of these advanced biology technologies is the fact that these procedures or services would only be available to the wealthy, leaving a majority of the population unable to benefit from this.

Please watch Lisa’s story in the first 25 minutes of “Body Story: Breaking Down” by Discovery Education 

An Indiana husband and wife, both feeling ill, went to separate hospitals to be examined, and several potential diagnoses were suggested. A few days later, on July 11, 2008, both patients were evaluated at the same hospital. There, physicians were able to make a preliminary diagnosis of botulism based on the couple’s shared symptoms, which included cranial nerve palsy and descending flaccid paralysis. Both patients required mechanical ventilation. During a search of the couple’s refrigerator, local health officials found an unlabeled bag of leftover chili sauce that, when analyzed, contained botulin, the bacterial toxin that causes botulism. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum, an endospore-forming bacterium. Because botulism is a reportable disease, the facts of the case were forwarded to the Indiana State Department of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Four days earlier, the CDC had received a similar report from Texas, where two siblings had been diagnosed with botulism, again only after being examined at the same hospital. Both children had eaten Castleberry’s Hot Dog Chili Sauce for lunch on June 28. Although the can from this meal had been discarded, another can, bought at the same time, was found in the home. Based on these two cases, the CDC suspected a common source epidemic. -        What conditions encourage the germination of Clostridium botulinum endospores? -        What is a common source epidemic? As a reminder to students, GMC is a leadership institution that focuses on civility and respect. Notice that the title of these forums is Civil Discourse Forums. What we expect of our students, and faculty, as they participate in these forums, is it will be done with civility and respect even when perspectives are different, and opinions vary. True learning takes place when we communicate clearly and respectfully, listen closely, and are not afraid to debate and discuss our points in a civil and respectful manner. 

The class is Exercise Physiology. Answer the following 2 questions (2-3 paragraphs each) based off of an aerobic fitness lab   Answer each question thoroughly and with detail. Please use proper citations of resources (AMA format). A total of 3 academic sources must be used. 2 resources must be primary research articles.  1.)  How does chronic aerobic training affect the following variables (resting and exercising): VO2, HR, BP.  Why is a lower resting HR and BP considered physiological beneficial to us?  How does chronic aerobic exercise training affect skeletal muscles? 2.)  What is a metabolic equivalent (MET)?  Describe what this is and explain how METs can be used in your Physical Therapy with regards to exercise intensity and exercise prescription. Be specific! Must relate to Physical Therapy. 

Instructions: The ability to communicate research findings effectively is crucial for success in the biological sciences. This assignment will require you to produce a short written summary that effectively communicates your results from the Natural Selection: Bacterial Transformation module. The report includes several parts: an introduction and statement of the hypothesis you tested, a description of the experimental set-up, results, and an evaluation of the hypothesis based on the data obtained in your group's experiment. The evaluation of the hypothesis should include direct implications and broad implications from the experiment. All text shall be 12 pt. font with 1.5 line spacing. -Introduction and Hypothesis statement (20%) The first paragraph(s) of this section must be over the importance of the experiment. The background information supplied should allow the reader to understand the theoretical and practical necessity of the experiment. You need to cite one or two primary sources that relate to the topic at hand, in this section. After the introductory paragraphs, the null and alternative hypotheses shall be clearly stated for the experiment they were designed to test. (1 -2 sentences per hypothesis). Experimental set-up (20%) This section will be written in paragraph format and should explain where, when, what, and how. (1 – 2 paragraphs). All necessary conditions under which the experiment was conducted must be described explicitly and should allow the reader to replicate the experiment. Clearly describe the treatments, indicating which treatment(s) is (are) the control(s). Describe materials used to create the treatments. Explain how data were collected, what measurements were made and what kind of instrument or equipment used. Results (25%) The first part of the results section must include a summary of the results in paragraph format. The second part should include a graphical representation of the data. You can choose to use a table or a graph, or both, to show your data. Do not include raw data calculations, here. Graphs Required for all graphs: ? Label the x and y axes. ? Write a descriptive legend for each graph. o Be sure to state what statistic (mean, mode, standard deviation, range) the bars and error bars represent and how many replicates were used to calculate the mean. Example, if there were 10 replicates, the number of replicates would be given as n = 10. o Define any abbreviations used on the graph. - Hypothesis Evaluation (25%) Write a paragraph to evaluate whether the results you obtained are consistent with or not consistent with the hypothesis you tested. Were the observed results consistent with the expected ones? The second paragraph will compare your experimental results to the results obtained in the Technique Lab. This section evaluates the experiment based on the interpretation and meaning of the results. The third paragraph should relate the results of the study to the broader field of the study. This section may also include references to primary sources (other research papers). End your document with a list of references cited. Your Technique Lab document includes a list of references that you can use as an example for citing your own references. Spelling and Grammar (10%) Scientific results are mainly communicated through writing; therefore, your written summary must be clearly and accurately presented. You should ensure there are no grammatical errors that distract the reader from understanding the experiment or interpreting the data. Scientific writing frequently uses the past tense, particularly when the main focus of the writing is to describe experiments or observations that took place prior to the time of writing. couple sources/articles to draw on and cite in introduction (example of citation is (author's last name and year published): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17634571/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33656174/ The Experiment: Describe the problem, or, ask a question: Will more concentration affect absorption? State the hypothesis: As the reaction occurs, the color and absorption will change. State the null-hypothesis: As the reaction occurs, the color and absorption will remain unaffected. Describe your control: Enzymes that work at the optimal pH Describe your experimental group Independent variable(s): Enzyme being used Dependent variable(s): Rate of reaction Materials needed: Pipette, spectrometer, buffer, enzyme, cuvette Write down the protocol steps: 1. Label two cuvettes, one as “blank” and the other one as “reaction” 2. Add 1.5 ml of reaction buffer to the blank cuvette. 3. Add 1.5 ml of 10 mM ONPG solution to the reaction cuvette. 4. Add 25 uL of ?-galactosidase (1U) to the reaction cuvette, ONLY. 5. Cover the cuvettes with a piece of parafilm and mix the solutions by gently inverting them. 6. Start a timer as soon as you have mixed your samples. Record the time it takes for the color to develop (start of the reaction). 7. Watch closely over several minutes 8. Observe the rates of reaction in the spectrometer app 8. We’ll compare this data to technique lab data (data will be attached)

Question and correct answer only Review Test – Chapter 5 1 1. The majority of carbohydrate molecules are produced by A. Aerobic respiration B. Anaerobic respiration C. Fermentation D. Glycolysis E. Photosynthesis 2. Through photosynthesis, certain organisms convert solar energy into ____________ energy. A. Activation B. Chemical C. Kinetic D. Mechanical E. Potential 3. An autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food. A. True B. False 4. Which of the following is NOT an autotroph? A. Algae B. Animals C. Cyanobacteria D. Plants E. All of the above are autotrophs 5. Which of the following is NOT true of autotrophs? A. Consume other organisms for carbon and energy B. Include plants C. Produce their own food D. Some can carry out photosynthesis E. All of the above are true 6. Plants are _________________. A. Chemoautotrophs B. Chemoheterotrophs C. Photoautotrophs D. Photoheterotrophs E. All of the above 7. Which of the following is NOT true of heterotrophs? A. Incapable of photosynthesis B. Include all animals C. The food for them comes from other organisms D. The food for them traces its origins back to autotrophs E. All of the above are true BIOL 1111K Review Test – Chapter 5 2 8. Humans are heterotrophs. A. True B. False 9. Because it obtains energy by eating plants, a deer is a ______________. A. Autotroph B. Heterotroph C. Lithotroph D. Phototroph E. All of the above 10. Which of the following is NOT true of photosynthesis? A. Produces carbohydrate molecules B. Produces water C. Releases oxygen D. Requires carbon dioxide E. Requires sunlight 11. The process of photosynthesis occurs not on the surface layers of the leaf, but rather in a middle layer called the ______________. A. Chlorophyll B. Chloroplast C. Mesophyll D. Stomata E. Thylakoids 12. Which of the following is the openings where the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs? A. Chlorophyll B. Chloroplast C. Mesophyll D. Stomata E. Thylakoid 13. In all autotrophic eukaryotes, photosynthesis takes place inside an organelle called a ______________. A. Chlorophyll B. Chloroplast C. Mesophyll D. Stomata E. Thylakoids 14. Which of the following is responsible for the green color of plants? A. Chlorophyll BIOL 1111K Review Test – Chapter 5 3 B. Mesophyll C. Stomata D. Thylakoids E. All of the above 15. What two products result from photosynthesis? A. Glucose and carbon dioxide B. Glucose and oxygen C. Glucose and water D. Water and carbon dioxide E. Water and oxygen 16. A stack of thylakoids is called a______________. A. Granum B. Mesophyll C. Stomata D. Stroma E. None of the above 17. Which of the following is NOT true of light? A. A form of energy B. Can be harnessed to do work C. Can travel D. Changes form E. Its energy is measured as heat 18. The longer the wavelength of light, the less energy is carried. A. True B. False 19. Which of the following is NOT true of visible light? A. In plants, pigment molecules absorb only visible light for photosynthesis B. Perceived by the human eye as a rainbow of colors C. Red has lower energy D. Violet and blue have longer wavelength E. Violet and blue have higher energy 20. Which of the following is NOT true of pigments? A. Different kinds of pigments exist B. Each pigment absorbs only certain wavelengths (colors) of visible light C. All photosynthetic organisms contain a pigment called chlorophyll a D. Chlorophyll a absorbs wavelengths from green E. All of the above are true BIOL 1111K Review Test – Chapter 5 4 21. Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. A. True B. False 22. Which of the following is NOT true of the light-dependent reactions? A. Begin in a photosystem B. Convert light energy into chemical energy C. Photosystems consist of pigment molecules and proteins D. Photosystems exist in the membranes of thylakoids E. All of the above are true 23. Which of the following molecules absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis? A. ATP synthase B. Chlorophyll C. Glucose D. Oxygen E. Water 24. Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll a reflect? A. Blue B. Green C. Indigo D. Red E. Violet 25. What is the source of electron in the light-dependent reactions? A. Carbon dioxide (CO2) B. Hydrogen (H2) C. Nitrogen (N2) D. Oxygen (O2) E. Water (H2O) 26. Photosystem I moves hydrogen ions against their concentration gradient from the stroma into the thylakoid space. A. True B. False 27. In the light-dependent reactions, energy absorbed by sunlight is stored by two types of energy-carrier molecules: ___________ and ___________. A. ATP - glucose B. ATP - NADH C. ATP - NADPH D. Glucose - NADH E. Glucose - NADPH BIOL 1111K Review Test – Chapter 5 5 28. The electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane is formed because of the difference in the concentration of ___________. A. CO2 B. H+ C. OH- D. O2 E. H2O 29. Which of the following is formed at photosystem I? A. ATP B. Glucose C. NADPH D. Oxygen (O2) E. Water (H2O) 30. The solar energy is stored in energy carriers, and it can be used to make a ___________ molecule in the light-independent reactions. A. ATP B. Glucose C. NADPH D. Oxygen (O2) E. Water (H2O) 31. The carbon atoms used to build carbohydrate molecules comes from A. Carbon dioxide B. Hydrogen C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen E. Water 32. Which of the following is the site of the light-independent reactions in the chloroplast? A. Granum B. Stroma C. Thylakoid membrane D. Thylakoid space E. All of the above 33. Which of the following is NOT true of the Calvin cycle? A. Called the light-independent reactions B. Functions as a cycle C. Organized into three basic stages D. Sugar (glucose) is synthesized E. All of the above are true BIOL 1111K Review Test – Chapter 5 6 34. Which of the following is the enzyme that is present to initiate the Calvin cycle? A. ATP synthase B. Carbon dioxide C. NADPH D. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) E. RuBisCO 35. Which of the following has five atoms of carbon and a phosphate group on each end? A. ATP synthase B. Carbon dioxide C. NADPH D. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) E. RuBisCO 36. In which of the following stages, CO2 is incorporated into organic molecules? A. Fixation B. Reduction C. Regeneration D. All of the above E. None of the above 37. In which of the following stages, ATP and NADPH are used to convert 3PGA to G3P? A. Fixation B. Reduction C. Regeneration D. All of the above E. None of the above 38. It takes six turns of the Calvin cycle to make one carbohydrate molecule. A. True B. False 39. Prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, have membrane-bound organelles for photosynthesis. A. True B. False 40. ________________ is constantly exchanged between heterotrophs and autotrophs within and between ecosystems. A. Carbon B. Hydrogen C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen E. Water

I'm applying for physician assistant program, which is a master degree. They asked me to write a essay to expressing myself very well why I want to be a physician assistant through the application . This essay is really important for them to decide if I'm a good fit for their pa program. On the first page, you are seeing all the requirements and my description about myself on second page  to let you know more about me. based on these information about myself, please write a good  essay.