Grade required: A 1) Explain the components of a nutritional assessment. What important subjective and objective assessment findings will assist a nurse in developing a nutritional plan? The components of a nutritional assessment include diet history, weight, height, BMI, lab values, and risk/social factors. The diet history assess the foods, fluids, and supplements a person is taking, as well as the time, type, and amount (ATI, 2023). Weight, height, and BMI all determine whether a person is within a healthy range. Labs include the protein levels, fluid I&O, prealbumin, and nitrogen balance. Nitrogen balance is the relationship between protein breakdown and synthesis (ATI, 2023). Prealbumin assesses the clients that are at risk for malnutrition (ATI, 2023). Protein levels can help determine if someone has an injury or kidney disease due to protein malnutrition (ATI, 2023). Risk and social factors include biophysical factors, psychological factors, economic stability, nutrition literacy, and health care (ATI, 2023). Subjective findings are anything the patient states. For example, if a patient states that they are thirsty, we can assume that they have not been drinking enough fluids. Objective findings are things that we can see such as skin turgor, dry skin, sores, vital signs, etc. These are all things that can help develop a nutritional plan. Explain the importance of macronutrients in maintaining nutritional health. Describe the pathophysiology of one disorder that affects the normal metabolism of a macronutrient. Macronutrients are your proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Carbohydrates provide energy for cells and help regulate protein and fat metabolism (ATI, 2023). Proteins help build and maintain tissues, and are a backup source of energy (ATI, 2023). They also function in balancing nitnorgen and water and the support of metabolic processes and the immune system (ATI, 2023). Fat functions as a form of stored energy and helps the body with maintaining body temperatures, padding the organs, hormone production, and the structural material found in cell walls (ATI, 2023). Carbohydrates are the macronutrients affected in diabetes patients. When carbohydrates are consumed, the body breaks it down into glucose, which delivers energy to the body (MedicalNewsToday, 2021). When blood glucose levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin (MedicalNewsToday, 2021). However, in diabetes insulin levels are low or absent, which can cause high levels of glucose (MedicalNewsToday, 2021). References: ATI Content Mastery Series Review Module: Nutrition for Nursing 8.0 ed. Diabetes and metabolism: The impact of type 1 and type 2. (2021, September 23). https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diabetes... 2) Explain the components of a nutritional assessment. What important subjective and objective assessment findings will assist a nurse in developing a nutritional plan? A nutritional assessment is a thorough evaluation of a person's dietary choices/intake, lifestyle adoptions, and overall health to determine their nutritional status. It involves gathering both subjective and objective data to develop an appropriate nutritional assessment. To break it down ever further the NCP state’s five key components within the assessment of which include, “food or nutrition-related history, biochemical data/medical tests/procedures, anthropometric measurements, nutrition-focused physical findings, and client history.” (Kesari, 2023, para 6). Subjective assessment findings that would assist a nurse in the development in a nutritional plan includes: patient’s dietary history (meal patterns, dietary restrictions, and food preferences), medical history (taking to consideration of any existing medical conditions that could affect nutritional status and any medications or supplements the patient is taking), psychosocial history (economic status, social support, cultural or religious beliefs, and lifestyle choices like smoking/ alcohol), family history (taking in to account of any genetic predispositions to diseases), and finally symptoms that can’t be measured for example nausea. Objective assessment findings that would assist a nurse in the development in a nutritional plan includes measurements (height and weight which is used to calculate BMI (Body Mass Index), which can tell the nurse if the person is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese), waist-to-hip ratio (fat distribution through the body). Laboratory tests like blood tests (glucose levels, albumin, and CBC) and urine tests (can give us information about the kidneys status). Physical examination of which includes the patient’s general appearance, nails, skin, hair, muscle mass/strength, and oral health. Lastly nutritional screening tool listed by NCP include: “Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ): Assesses how often certain food groups are consumed over a specific period, and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST): A quick screening tool to identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition” (Kesari, 2023, para 8). Explain the importance of macronutrients in maintaining nutritional health. Describe the pathophysiology of one disorder that affects the normal metabolism of a macronutrient. Macronutrients are necessary nutrients that the body requires to function properly on a day-to-day basis. They include fats, proteins, carbohydrates, all of which play a crucial role in maintaining overall health. Carbohydrates provide us with energy, it is the main source of food for our cells, proteins allow for proper wound healing and building muscle, since they are packed with amino acids, and fats help with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. One condition that affects the normal metabolism of macronutrients is diabetes type two. With this specific condition there is an imbalance of insulin that leads to the body becoming resistant to it. So eventually cells will not be able to absorb glucose in the blood and fat can’t be metabolized but instead stored, leading to hyperglycemia because of increased levels of free fatty acids in the blood. (Kaczor, 2021). References: Dilworth L, Facey A, Omoruyi F. Diabetes Mellitus and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipose Tissues. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jul 16. Kesari A, Noel JY. Nutritional Assessment. [Updated 2023 Apr 10]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK580496 Rubric: When writing your initial post (the one that answers the discussion question) you must discuss the question and support your information with the text as well as an outside scholarly resource. Be sure to cite the information you use with in-text citations and post the resource in APA format. You must respond to at least two students in each prompt, on two separate days, each week for full credit. You may respond to a fellow classmate or you may answer a question I pose. They will both be counted as your required responses. When posting your peer responses, posts that are "Good job" or "Good post, I learned so much" type of response postings will not be accepted as substantial postings. To receive full credit you need to have a substantial response post. You need to either add additional information to another's post, clarify information or provide examples which will prove the point. Do not ask another student a question as a response post. If you have a question, look up the information and share it with the class. Remember any information you post as a fact must be supported by evidence. When thinking about what information needs referenced, unless you did the actual research to discover the information, you must cite it. Even information you learned in other classes, this information came from some resource and you must give the author credit. I want to stress that I will not give credit for "great post" types of posts or questions to other students. Do not just restate what someone else wrote and say you never knew that. I want you to be able to apply the content to your nursing practice.
READ MORE >>