Part 1 Reference Video Lecture Reading: Ara Pacis Augustae (attached) Question The Augustus of Primaporta is one of the best known examples of early Roman Imperial imagery. What are some of the important symbolic messages in the statue? USE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES AND DISCUSS THE MESSAGE THESE WERE INTENDED TO COMMUNICATE TO VIEWERS. How do these symbols support the leadership and power of Augustus? In your opinion what image does Augustus create in this portrait? Next, turn to the article on the Ara Pacis Augustae. There are several intersections between the Ara Pacis and the Augustus of Prima Porta. What exactly is the Ara Pacis Augustae and how was it used? Do you think the two monuments communicate similar messages? Specifically where do you see overlapping messages? Finally, what are the differences between the intended uses for each monument? In the case of the Ara Pacis, please select a direct quote and explain its meaning in your answer. Part 2 Reference VIDEO: The Arch of Titus READING: Josephus Josephus, “An Imperial Triumph” from The Jewish Wars, (71 CE) Now it is impossible to describe the multitude of the shows as they deserve, and the magnificence of them all; such indeed as a man could not easily think of as performed, either by the labor of workmen, or the variety of riches, or the rarities of nature; for almost all such curiosities as the most happy men ever get by piece-meal were here one heaped on another, and those both admirable and costly in their nature; and all brought together on that day demonstrated the vastness of the dominions of the Romans; for there was here to be seen a mighty quantity of silver, and gold, and ivory, contrived into all sorts of things, and did not appear as carried along in pompous show only, but, as a man may say, running along like a river. Some parts were composed of the rarest purple hangings, and so carried along; and others accurately represented to the life what was embroidered by the arts of the Babylonians. There were also precious stones that were transparent, some set in crowns of gold, and some in other ouches, as the workmen pleased; and of these such a vast number were brought, that we could not but thence learn how vainly we imagined any of them to be rarities. The images of the gods were also carried, being as well wonderful for their largeness, as made very artificially, and with great skill of the workmen; nor were any of these images of any other than very costly materials; and many species of animals were brought, every one in their own natural ornaments. The men also who brought every one of these shows were great multitudes, and adorned with purple garments, all over interwoven with gold; those that were chosen for carrying these pompous shows having also about them such magnificent ornaments as were both extraordinary and surprising. Now the workmanship of these representations was so magnificent and lively in the construction of the things, that it exhibited what had been done to such as did not see it, as if they had been there really present. On the top of every one of these pageants was placed the commander of the city that was taken, and the manner wherein he was taken. Moreover, there followed those pageants a great number of ships; and for the other spoils, they were carried in great plenty. But for those that were taken in the temple of Jerusalem, they made the greatest figure of them all; that is, the golden table, of the weight of many talents; the candlestick also, that was made of gold, though its construction were now changed from that which we made use of; for its middle shaft was fixed upon a basis, and the small branches were produced out of it to a great length, having the likeness of a trident in their position, and had every one a socket made of brass for a lamp at the tops of them. VIDEO: The Pantheon Question The "outside content" for this week includes a description from the historian Josephus of the triumphal procession of the Roman armies following the conquest of Jerusalem (discussed in external video lecture). 1) What is the relationship between the procession Josephus describes and the actual Arch of Titus? What function did the Arch serve? How does it relate to what you have learned about Imperial power during the time of the Roman Empire? 2) Compare the expression of power in the Arch of Titus to the Augustus of Primaporta (lecture and textbook). How are the two similar? How are they different? The Pantheon, Rome, c. 125. Iktinos and Kallikrates, The Parthenon, Athens, 447–432 B.C.E. 3) Let's focus in on the second video. On the left is the Pantheon, which we learned about in this week's module. On the right is the Parthenon, which we learned about previously in our module on Ancient Greece. How are the two structures similar both in terms of their function and appearance? What technologies and materials did the Romans have access to that the Greek's did not? Finally, how did the Pantheon represent the "movement of the heavens"?
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