Expert Answers

In 2007, Jack Nicholson and Morgan Freeman starred in a movie called The Bucket List. They played two older men with terminal illnesses who happened to share a hospital room. While their lives were very different, they each had a bucket list of things they wanted to see or do before they died, so they went on an adventure together to complete their bucket lists. STEP 1: Make a bucket list of at least twenty things (in rank order) of what you’d like to see or do before you die. STEP 2: Considering your list, write a reflective essay explaining the most important things that you want to accomplish in your lifetime and why. Also analyze your bucket list in term of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. Explain how completing your list would help you to positively resolve the stage of ego integrity vs despair. Be sure to describe and explain this stage in Erikson’s theory and to include specific examples of how completing items in your list (or not completing them) would affect how you resolve this stage. Keep in mind that how previous stages are resolved may also affect this developmental stage. Include detailed discussion of specific examples from your list. Your essay should be 300-500 words; use APA format for citing any sources.

This assignment will allow you to put together what we've learned from the Education and Race/Ethnicity modules. In these lessons, I have taught you that inequality is structured by powerful groups that categorize people and rank them. Inequality is NOT biological. Assignment Write an essay that critiques biological determinism as a theory to explain racioethnic differences in education. To provide evidence to support this claim, please refer to the NCES analysis of dropout rates by race/ethnicity for 2010 and 2020. This evidence reveals that across the decade, major changes have occurred in dropout rates - these cannot be due to biology. Click on the link below which will take you to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) page on dropout rates of 16-24 year-olds by racioethnicity for two years, 2010 and 2020. NCES dropout ratesLinks to an external site. Requirements The essay will be a standard argument essay with no fewer than 4 paragraphs. The first paragraph will introduce your claim. The second paragraph will discuss biological determinism (this may be found in the Education chapter). The third paragraph will discuss how the NCES analysis challenges this theory of biological determinism. The fourth paragraph is your conclusion. I use the rubric below to grade. Rubric Racioethnic Patterns on Educaton Racioethnic Patterns on Educaton Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIntroduced ClaimThe essay introduced the main idea. 25 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks 25 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDiscussed Biological DeterminismThe essay thoroughly discussed biological determinism. 25 to >0.0 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks 25 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeUses NCES evidenceThe essay correctly uses the NCES analysis to discredit the theory of biological determinism. 25 to >0.0 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks 25 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeConclusionLogically concludes the inappropriateness of biological determinism based on the NCES evidence. 25 to >0.0 pts Full Marks 0 pts No Marks 25 pts Total Points: 100 Please follow all instruction and no ai or plagiarism. Professor is a very rough grader and I need this to be close to perfect.

YOU COMPLETE THIS PROPOSAL OR TAKE THE FINAL EXAM (on Dec 11 @ 5:00 pm) In this proposal, you will pull together your Labs 4, 6,7, and 8 to develop a research proposal that addresses a question using qualitative or quantitative research methods. Your proposal should be about 8-12 pages long. In the instructions below, you can see that each section builds on one of your labs. Even though your proposal builds on several labs, the proposal should read as one coherent document. I expect you to revise each lab to incorporate our prior feedback and to fit it with the other sections. I recommend you tackle one section/step per day (~ 2 hours per day) Your proposal should consist of the following sections: Step 1: Introduction (~1 page) Guide your reader to your research topic. Explicitly state your research question. Explain why it is important to address this question. Step 2: Theory and Hypotheses ( ~ 2 pages) You need at least 4 peer-reviewed resources for this section. Build on Lab 4 for this section. Research problem: Briefly describe your dependent variable and its relevance.What is the current state of your outcome? How has it developed over the past years? You can talk about recent statistics, if available. By the end of this section, your reader should understand clearly what you thing-to-be-explained is. Empirical Evidence Critically discuss recent empirical evidence that helps you predict how your IV relates to your DV. Here, you should find recent (< 20 years) empirical papers. Some students will find research about their exact variables other students may need to search broader. Explain to the reader: What do previous studies suggest regarding how your IV will affect your DV? What type of evidence are the studies using to come to these conclusions? How do you evaluate the quality of the evidence? Do you think some studies did a better job than others? What is different about them? How do differences in study designs (potentially) affect the conclusions authors came to? If research comes to different conclusions, talk about these contradictions. Bonus point: Instead of just describing existing empirical evidence, identify an underlying theory explaining how your IV is related to your DV. For instance, if you are interested in how friendships in college affect academic performance, you could draw on social capital theory. You would briefly describe the key ideas of that theory and then provide empirical evidence that supports this theory. Hypothesis Address the following prompts in full sentences: What expectations do you have for your results based on existing studies? Explain your thinking to the reader in full sentences. Summarize your expectations by stating your research hypothesis. We typically highlight hypotheses using italic font and separate them from the above-mentioned paragraph. For example: … Based on the evidence above, I have the following expectation: Hypothesis 1: Women’s pay will be lower than men’s pay. Step 3: Data collection method (~1-2 pages) Build on Lab 6 for this section. What data collection method will you use to answer your research question? You can chose from qualitative interview, survey, experiment, or secondary data / social artifacts Define your data collection method. Write as if the reader is unfamiliar with different research methods and explain what your method is. Use the textbook to define your method and list the 3 key features of this method we discussed in class. Explain WHY this method is appropriate for your question. What is your research goal and how does this method help you accomplish that goal? Use our decision tree. Critically evaluate your data collection method by discussing its main advantages and disadvantages? Use the textbook and class materials to identify pros and cons Step 4: Participants and Sample (~1-2 pages)Build on Lab 7 for this section. What is your targeted population? Why is this population appropriate? What is your sampling strategy (e.g. simple random, stratified random, cluster, convenience, purposive, or snowball)? Define your strategy using the textbook & class materials. Explain WHY this sampling strategy is appropriate for your data collection method. Use our textbook, lecture slide, and decision tree. If you had to do this study tomorrow: How exactly would you compile your sampling frame (for probability samples) / How exactly would you start recruitment for non-probability samples. Be specific here! Step 5: Conceptualization and Operationalization (~1-2 pages / slides)Build on Lab 8 for this section. For your dependent and independent variables: Provide a conceptual definition for each using scholarly sources. Provide at least 2 measures/ indicators for each of your IV and DV. Depending on your data collection method (DCM) be sure to review how to ask open-ended question / construct a proper questionnaire: if your DCM = survey: Develop 2 close-ended questions with the complete set of answer options if your DCM = qualitative interview: Develop 2 open-ended questions if you are using another DCM (secondary data / experiment): Explain in detail how you would measure the outcome Critically evaluate your measurement strategy by discussing advantages and disadvantages. Note: Your description of your measures needs to be detailed enough that I could replicate your study. If you are adopting items from previous studies, be sure to cite them and explain how you changed the measures. Step 6: References (~ 1+ page)Please list all your references. You are free to choose your citation style as long as you are consistent and provides all important reference information (authors, names, titles, publishers/ journals, vol/ issue, page number). I strongly recommend using citation software such as Zotero What you need to hand in: Paper (~8-12 pages)

As you develop your research proposal, the first step is to conduct literature research to learn more. In this assignment, you will find at least two scholarly articles via the Web of Science. You will use these articles to develop your research question and a hypothesis. The assignment includes two major steps: Developing your research question and finding two scholarly articles about your research question. Step 1a: Identify your outcome of interest (DV) Select a social issue that interests you. This will be the “thing-to-be-explained” or dependent variable. Name your outcome of interest (i.e., dependent variable) Define your dependent variable (in your own words) Explain why it is important to study. (e.g., if your outcome of interest is "grazing behavior of the common mountain unicorn," then briefly explain what you mean by that and why it's important to study grazing behavior). Step 1b. Identify a factor that shapes or predicts your outcome (IV) Identify one factor that affects or explains your social issue. This is your key explanatory or independent variable. Name your explanatory variable Define your explanatory variable (e.g., if your explanatory factor is "seasonal weather patterns," then explain what you mean by that). Step 1c. Formulate your Research Question (RQ) State your research question. This question should link your dependent and independent variables. You can use the example below to develop your question. Be sure to pay attention to the direction of causality in your question! How does X (independent variable) affect Y (dependent variable)? What is the effect of X on Y? How do seasonal weather patterns affect the grazing behavior of the common mountain unicorn? Step 2: Find two scholarly articles: You can find your articles using the Web of Science or Sociological Abstracts via the UNCC Atkins Library. The articles need to be peer-reviewed and related to your research question. They should also be empirical, using qualitative or quantitative data to answer a research question. See the instructions below for further information on what articles qualify and how to search. If you have trouble finding articles, contact our subject librarian, Bridgette Sanders (btsander@uncc.edu). Focus on finding literature that helps you address the following questions: General trends and prevalence of your "thing-to-be-explained" / key outcome. Articles that define your concepts. Articles that help you predict how your IV will affect your DV (i.e., articles that have examined this relationship before). Save your articles as PDFs and upload a copy on Canvas. Step 3. Describe the state of your outcome/ thing-to-be-explained / DV. Briefly describe the current state of your dependent variable. Discuss recent trends or the overall prevalence of your phenomenon. If available, you can talk about recent statistics. By the end of this section, your reader should understand your thing-to-be-explained. For instance, if you examine how a patient's race affects the likelihood of medical misdiagnosis by a doctor, this section should explain how common misdiagnosis is and why that is a problem (regardless of the patient's race). Step 4: Describe and evaluate empirical evidence regarding the relationship between your IV and DV. To develop your research expectations (i.e., hypotheses), you need to find out what other empirical studies have found. These empirical studies can be based on qualitative or quantitative data. Ideally, the articles have examined the relationship between your IV and DV. Sometimes, you can find studies with a similar question to yours, but if empirical studies are limited, you can draw on studies that look at related topics. Write ~2 paragraphs in your lab describing the empirical research on your key research question. Talk about: Summary of the findings: Have prior studies generally found a positive, negative, or no relationship between your key concepts? Critical evaluation of the findings: What type of data did these prior studies use? If your research articles come to contradicting conclusions, can differences in research methods explain that differences Is the research missing anything, for instance, limited regarding the populations they look at? Use in-text citations when referring to specific studies - we will grade you on the correct usage of in-text citations! Step 5. Generate a complete list of references For this assignment, you must cite specific scholarly work to describe your research problem (step 3) and discuss empirical evidence that informs your research hypothesis (step 4). You need to use in-text citations in these sections to indicate your sources. Additionally, you must provide a full list of references at the end of your assignment. Use ASA style. Want to make your life easier? Usecitation software like Zotero, which you can download for free from Zotero.org. *************************************************************** What you need to hand in to complete the assignment: A. A digital PDF copy of your 2 research articles. B. Word Document with your description of your research question (steps 1a-1c), description of the research problem (step 3), and empirical findings (step 4). Your document must include in-text citations and a list of references (step 5). **************************************************************************************** Brief search instructions for finding your article Review this video on identifying a scholarly journal this video on how to use the Web of Science this video on how to use Zotero to manage your citations Email me or the sociology subject librarian, Bridgette Sanders (btsander@uncc.edu), if you have trouble finding research articles. Criteria for article selection. 1. The article must relate to your research question The article should be as directly relevant to your topic. Depending on your topic, you may find articles on your exact topic or only find articles indirectly related. Choose the most relevant articles you can find and do your best to relate similar concepts and research from the articles to your particular research question. 2. The articles should be up-to-date Identify the latest research relevant to your topic. The age of the latest research will vary depending on your topic. You can use older but widely cited “landmark” articles as a starting point for your search for more current scholarship on your topic (i.e., forward search). 3. Articles should be published in reputable sociology journals If there are relevant articles in the most prestigious general journals (American Sociological Review, American Journal of Sociology, Social Forces) or top specialty journals, that would be ideal. (Not sure if your journal is good? Look up the Impact Factor it should ideally be close to 1 or higher).

You will choose one of the following topics below and apply it to an analysis of a conflict — or a set of conflicts — or success/ development — or a set of successes/ developments. Your paper will develop three parts. Please label each section as follows: Conflict/ Development Analysis: In this section of analysis you will weigh and consider the construction of the conflict or development. Think of understanding and analyzing how knowledge is formed around this topic. How and why do we know what we know about this conflict or development? How is the conflict/development understood through globalization? What is the role of globalization in resolving the conflict, perpetuating the conflict or extending development? Significance of Conflict/ Development: Then, you will analyze the significance of the conflict(s)/ development(s). This is less about the plot summary of the conflict or development and more about the significant components and ramifications of it. Why is it a pressing issue? Are there human rights violations involved? What are the parties’ grievances? Why should other people who are not involved care about this conflict or development? Does this extend existing structures of globalization or does it challenge them? Creative Communication Strategy: Finally, you will create a strategy thinking of the main drivers of globalization in order to work toward resolution of the conflict of extension of the development. Here, you may employ economic policies/ principles, you may rely on the market in specific ways, you may use international agencies or organizations, you may create policies or political programs, or you may rely on certain aspects of culture or communication. Communication does not merely need to involve the media, but it could include other innovative strategies. How would you use strategy in order to resolve the conflict and to empower communities disproportionately affected by the conflict? How would you use your strategy in order to extend development that empowers communities disproportionately affected by development? This is your creative component! Innovate, design, create and implement! Think of approaches that have been attempted or have failed, or think of approaches that haven’t yet been designed and implemented. Employ your strategy — whatever that means to you — at the center of your approach to resolve the conflict or extend development. Topics to consider: Nationalism Transnationalism Migration Refugee Crisis Global Conflict Capitalism Poverty Postcolonialism — Issues from Colonization Uneven Development Racial Inequalities/ Injustice Gender Inequalities/ Injustice Paper Guidelines and Format: Your paper must present introduction and conclusions paragraphs. Your introduction will explain the importance and significance of the topic and will introduce each section in 1-2 sentences each (this is your map — where your paper is going). I should be able to understand your argument (your thesis) in your intro paragraph. Your paper must follow a proper and formal format (MLA, APA or Chicago), including proper headings, citations, in-text references and page layout. Your paper will be typed double-spaced, using Times New Roman, 12-point font. Please refer to Owl Purdue MLA Format online for other formatting and style guidelines. Your paper must be 6-10 pages (6 full pages minimum) in length, excluding the Works Cited page. Works Cited and Sources: You will need minimum six sources including sources that give credibility to your analysis of the construction of knowledge surrounding the conflict and the components (structures and systems) involved in the conflict. Other sources can include news articles conveying your chosen conflict.

Criticisms: According to Durkheim, social solidarity increases as societies become more complex. How TikTok Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSCRIPTScript is included for all of the parts of the TikTok. Script is accurate and well written. Script is submitted to Canvas on time. 5 to >3.0 pts Excellent 3 to >1.0 pts Good 1 to >0 pts Fair 5 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeREADING SUMMARY QUALITYSummary includes all of items 1) Title & Author 2) Main points 3) Explanation of overall ideas in the reading. 4)Overall take aways. -what did you think? 5 to >3.0 pts Excellent 3 to >1.0 pts Good 1 to >0 pts Fair 5 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeVideo quality and Followed DirectionsCatchy and clever introduction. Used one of the assigned trends. Is clear and well executed video summary. Is effective and informative about the reading. Followed directions. 5 to >3.0 pts Excellent 3 to >1.0 pts Good 1 to >0 pts Fair 5 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeGROUP EVALUATIONMembers of the group all participated effectively. The final product made it clear that all members of the team contributed their part. 5 to >3.0 pts Excellent 3 to >1.0 pts Good 1 to >0 pts Fair 5 pts Total Points: 20

Let's do research! We are here! It is time to conduct research. Below is a copy of your research paper assignment. Please read it and then think about what your research will focus on - what will be your concept: Criminology, Education, Public Health, Stratification or Work? Once you pick a concept you wish to study, go to the discussion section and self-select a group so you can help each other in the research process. We can share our research process with each other, look at data together, and talk out any challenges we face. Remember, each student conducts their own research and write their own paper. Each will pick at least one X and one Y to study a covariation for their research paper. The next set of assignments will help you create a research project and final paper. Conducting research, step-by-step This is the flow of steps needed to do analysis. Do not skip the steps as this will make your process more difficult. Find a data set you want to use. Pick an X and a Y. Write up your data and methods sections of your final paper. Find one peer-reviewed article through google scholar to use in a short literature review. Write your literature review section. Do the analysis in Excel and create a Figure. Write up your Findings section and include your Figure. Write a short Introduction and Conclusion. Compile your literature in a Reference section and format it using ASA format. Give your study a cool title. Take a deep breath, smile, and be proud of yourself: you are now an analyst. Research Project The final paper will include an introduction, literature review, data and methods, findings, conclusion and reference section. Please use my handout “Format of Most Sociological Papers” for specific information that is required to be included in each section. Format of most sociological papers. Download Format of most sociological papers. INTRODUCTION What is the research question and why is it important? Introduce your key variables. LITERATURE REVIEW (Each student must find and include at least 1 peer-reviewed article to support their research) (Do not call this section “Literature Review”. Instead, name it something about the relationship between your variables. Look at other articles for examples). What is the research topic? Why is it important? Do you propose an hypothesis? If so, state it. Each student is required to find (and include) at least 1 applicable scientific article in this section. (Remember to cite it in the body of the essay (Last name year), and in the REFERENCE section using ASA format: ASA Format DATA You must use secondary data from a legitimate website -- if you want to use a site not on my list you must get prior approval (no exceptions). Define measures and unit of analysis. METHODS Describe how will you conduct your study. FINDINGS Describe what you found. Does it support your hypothesis? Rejected? Theory holds? Refuted? Each analysis MUST have at least one graphic representation of the findings (table or figure). CONCLUSION Synthesize your research with existing knowledge. REFERENCES In addition to the literature I provide, you must locate and incorporate 1 article in your project. ASA format only The Process of the Research Paper Each student is responsible for one final paper that contains each of the above elements (intro, literature review, data/methods, findings, conclusion, and references). Each student is responsible to conduct original research using secondary data. The research should employ a comparison of at least two variables. What you compare is up to you. You MAY NOT use a report or study for your paper – this is plagiarism (see my syllabus for policy). You must design and produce your own study. Please save your paper as a pdf or doc/docx file -- no cloud submissions will be accepted. FINDING DATA I have two examples of how to locate data for your variables. Both of these show how to locate a data file, pick an X and a Y BLS-2.UnemploymentExample.Data.pdfDownload BLS-2.UnemploymentExample.Data.pdf Crim Example-1.pdf Download Crim Example-1.pdf

Respond to two (2) of the following prompts: Explain what stigmatization of illness means. Choose a common illness and explain how it might be stigmatized for people of different cultures or social classes? (USLO 7.1) Why do you think the United States has high obesity-related illnesses in comparison to lower-income nations? Within our society, what contributes to health inequities between people of varying socioeconomic statuses? (USLO 7.2) What are the differences between Medicare and Medicaid? What do you think are some of the downfalls of government funded healthcare in our society? (USLO 7.3) Describe the theoretical perspective that you think best explains the healthcare in our society? (USLO 7.4) What are the five different types of social movements? Describe aspects of each social movement and provide one example of each of these social movements. (USLO 7.5) Identify the three theoretical perspectives of collective behavior. Choose one of those theories and explain in detail and provide specific examples of how collective behavior occurs. (USLO 7.6) Explain three examples of what causes social change. Reflect and share an example of social change that you have witnessed and relate it to the causes listed in the chapter. What do you think will be the greatest influence of social change in the next 10 years? (USLO 7.7) Briefly describe a policy at Galen that has been changed or could be changed. This can be a hypothetical scenario. Using one of the three different collective action theories (resource mobilization, framing analysis, and new social movements) explain the process of how students, faculty, or staff might create a social movement regarding the policy. (USLO 7.8)

Research Project Paper Format and Structure Rules 1. The following is the Research Project Paper format description. The paper length in pages of text is listed in your syllabus. 2. The Reference and Title pages are additional pages (font is 12 point) Margins: Top .5, Bottom .5, Right .5, and Left .5 3. The paper is doubled spaced except as stipulated by APA formatting rules for quoted text. The paper will not contain more than twenty-five percent quoted materials. 4. Sections are only separated by Section Headings. All Sections Headings must be included in your paper. The Title page and Reference page are separate pages and do not count in the page length total. 5. The required number of references and corresponding citations ONLY from peer reviewed journals are listed in your syllabus. The Research Project Paper requires 4 hypotheses. 6. All citations must directly correspond to the references. Each citation required in the paper must appear in the Literature Review, Findings and Discussion sections and of the paper and also referenced in the Reference section of the paper (i.e., Lopez (2001) is cited and reviewed in the Literature Review; The finding of Lopez (2001) is stated and cited in the Findings; Lopez (2001) will also be discussed and cited in the Discussion section and Lopez (2001) is referenced in the Reference Section). 7. Remember: You must use the most current APA Publication Manual Edition for all citations and references. Outline of Research Project Paper (Section Headings) Title Page- Title of Paper in named using the same subject line as required with email communication with the QC suffix changed to RPP. Abstract- An overview of the social problem of interest. Statement of Problem- A statement of the essential question of your study. Literature Review- A review of the literature (peer reviewed journal articles) you have read cited according the APA manual. Theory- The theory you have chosen and the explanation of the social problem using said theory. Hypotheses- Four core questions you can answer after reading the literature. Stated in the form of research hypotheses. Methodology- All classes--describe a Meta-Analysis as related to your Research Project Paper topic. Methodology and Statistics classes ONLY: You must reference the class lecture on the completion standards for this section. Findings- A listing of the answers to the four hypotheses cited according to the APA manual. Methodology and Statistics classes ONLY: You must reference the class lecture on the completion standards for this section. Discussion- Discuss the implications and ramifications of the Findings using the theory discussed in the Theory section of the paper. Conclusion- Summary of the implications for the field. References- All references in the paper must be referenced according to the APA manual specified above. RPP sections page length Abstract .5 Statement of Problem .5 Literature Review 3 Theory .5 Hypotheses .5 Methodology .5 Findings 1 Discussion 3 Conclusion .5 Total Pages 10 The class Research Project Paper is a research project report that is a TEN-page paper with TEN references using scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles fully implementing and reporting of the a ANOVA model or a Multiple Regression model using an ICPSR data set. The paper must be formatted according to the A.P.A. publication manual and submitted via email and according to the Research Project Paper guidelines for the completion standards for the research project paper that will be provided in the Class Document named ‘Research Project Paper and Structure Rules’ when the assignment is announced in class ummary of topics to be covered: Application of the scientific method to social phenomena, including both quantitative and qualitative methods of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data, as well as considerations about research design, the role of theory, and ethics. Methods covered may include survey research, experimental research, secondary data analysis, content analysis, focus groups, qualitative interviews, fieldwork, ethnography, and historical comparative research.

Initial Proposal for Final Paper (Primary Case: The Soviet Union. Comparative Cases: You might compare it with Yugoslavia's dissolution or with another empire's fall, like the Ottoman or Roman Empires, to highlight similar or contrasting factors in state collapse. Due by 11:59pm on Sunday, November 10 You must submit an Initial Proposal that lays out the topic you wish to investigate and the reason you are interested in studying it, a preliminary research question, and a discussion of the potential case(s) you propose to use to study it, as well as the specific historical methods you plan to use to investigate your question, and why they are appropriate for your research question. The Initial Proposal consists of four sections: (1) your preliminary research question(s), (2) introducing your interest in the question/topic, (3) the potential case(s) you propose to use to answer your research question(s), and (4) the specific methods you are planning on using. Each of these sections should be a sub-heading, under which you write (in paragraphs) the answers to the following questions. Preliminary Research Question(s) Your research question(s) can be a singular question, a series of interrelated questions, and/or a main question with sub-questions about a particular historical outcome. Your question(s) must be how and why questions, not simply what questions; as comparative historical sociologists, we are not trying to merely say what happened in the past, but explain how and why it happened the way it did. You may also phrase your research question(s) as a thesis, i.e., the answer to the question(s) rather than the question(s) themselves. The Introduction You should pick a topic that has interest to you and others. In this section, you should provide a hook for the reader to tell them why your research question is worth answering. This is not a personal reflection, but rather an answer to the dreaded so what question: why should anyone be interested in the project you are proposing to do? The Case(s) What is the case(s) you are using as the empirical evidence to support your claims (the answers to your research question; your thesis)? You must explicitly define the case(s), the case boundaries (what is part of the case and what is not part of the case), and support your decision for why the case(s) you chose are appropriate. Additionally, you must explicitly and directly cite either the readings or lecture from “Getting Started: Questions and Cases.” The Methods What are the explicit comparative historical methods that you will be using to answer your question? Why are these methods appropriate? You must include where you will find your data, how you will analyze the data, and why the data and the analysis strategy are appropriate for your research question. To do this effectively, you must explicitly and directly cite either course readings or lectures on methods. For example, if you are process tracing, you must directly quote the readings or lecture from “Processes and Mechanisms” within this section. Selecting a Historical Outcome/Research Question You should start by choosing a major historical outcome that you want to try to understand in more depth than what you already know. As you proceed in your research, you will clarify the specific outcome you are trying to explain (such as when exactly it happened, where it happened, etc.). For whatever historical outcome you choose, you ultimately must be able to find enough credible sources that provide information about your topic. Thus, before settling on a topic, look for sources to make sure you will be able to research it. Think about basic questions (who, what, where, when, etc.) and look for sources that address these questions. Figure out the specific time (or time range) that the outcome occurred, where it happened, and other basic facts about the outcome. Here I will provide some examples of the types of outcomes you can choose from and how to start learning about them: Events Actions by people that occurred at a particular time (and usually also a particular place). This includes wars, protests, the passage of major laws, economic depressions, etc. Sometimes, events (like wars) can also be broken up into smaller/ events (e.g., battles). For these kinds of outcomes encyclopedia entries are a good starting place. Trends/long-term changes Some outcomes are less something that “happens” at a moment in time, or even a period of time, than a long-term change in some aspect of society – demographic changes like increasing racial diversity, declining rates of marriage, etc.; economic changes like industrialization or globalization of financial markets; political changes like partisan polarization, etc. With these types of outcomes, you want to look for reports or studies that have statistical data that shows the change over time. (Even better are sources that visually display the change-over-time in the form of charts). Cultural institutions, practices, or ideologies Examples are the seven-day week, the prison, the model minority myth, etc. These are trickier to study, simply because they are less linked to a particular time and place than are events or trends. One has to locate the institution, practice, or ideology in a particular time and place; identify its key features; and then work backwards to trace its origins. For these kinds of topics scholarly books are probably going to be necessary to get a grasp on the key features of the thing you’re interested in. Selecting a Historical Outcome/Research Question You should start by choosing a major historical outcome that you want to try to understand in more depth than what you already know. As you proceed in your research, you will clarify the specific outcome you are trying to explain (such as when exactly it happened, where it happened, etc.). For whatever historical outcome you choose, you ultimately must be able to find enough credible sources that provide information about your topic. Thus, before settling on a topic, look for sources to make sure you will be able to research it. Think about basic questions (who, what, where, when, etc.) and look for sources that address these questions. Figure out the specific time (or time range) that the outcome occurred, where it happened, and other basic facts about the outcome. Here I will provide some examples of the types of outcomes you can choose from and how to start learning about them: Events Actions by people that occurred at a particular time (and usually also a particular place). This includes wars, protests, the passage of major laws, economic depressions, etc. Sometimes, events (like wars) can also be broken up into smaller/ events (e.g., battles). For these kinds of outcomes encyclopedia entries are a good starting place. Trends/long-term changes Some outcomes are less something that “happens” at a moment in time, or even a period of time, than a long-term change in some aspect of society – demographic changes like increasing racial diversity, declining rates of marriage, etc.; economic changes like industrialization or globalization of financial markets; political changes like partisan polarization, etc. With these types of outcomes, you want to look for reports or studies that have statistical data that shows the change over time. (Even better are sources that visually display the change-over-time in the form of charts). Cultural institutions, practices, or ideologies Examples are the seven-day week, the prison, the model minority myth, etc. These are trickier to study, simply because they are less linked to a particular time and place than are events or trends. One has to locate the institution, practice, or ideology in a particular time and place; identify its key features; and then work backwards to trace its origins. For these kinds of topics scholarly books are probably going to be necessary to get a grasp (I attached the files two for the evidence for question 3 which are the lecture notes and one is an example of how the proposal needs to look like and also has a good example for question 3) Each question except for #1 needs to be a paragraph.