Expert Answers

Discussion Topic Begin this discussion by reviewing the "Key Concepts" to be considered when addressing the discussion prompts in the first tab below. Each of these concepts are elaborated upon in the text readings for this module. After reviewing the tabs for instructions for your "Original Post" and "Replies" for this discussion, select the "Examples" tab for examples of participation in this discussion. KEY CONCEPTS: Recall from our 2.1 Discussion that a survey method is the means by which the data is obtained from the sample. For example, the survey method may be a telephone interview, a web-based questionnaire, or an in-person focus group. The sample mean or sample proportion is a statistic that was calculated from the sample used in your poll. It is part of the findings or results of your poll. For example, if you calculated the average age of a sample of randomly selected college students and you found that the mean of the sample was 25, the results of your poll would be that the average age of a college student (in the population of college students) is approximately 25. The margin of error is a measure by which your sample statistic may be overpredicting or underpredicting the actual value of the population parameter you are estimating. The margin of error is a calculation based on your confidence level, your sample size, and your standard deviation (how spread out the data values are). For example, if the mean age of your sample was 25, "plus or minus 2.9," you are saying that while you calculated that your randomly selected sample has an average age of 25, the actual mean population age is likely to be between 2.9 years less than 25 and 2.9 years more than 25. The range of numbers you obtain by performing these two calculations is your confidence interval (CI). For example, if the sample average age is x-bar = 25, and the margin of error is calculated to be E = 2.9, then the confidence interval (CI) would be CI = (x-bar - E, x-bar + E) = (25 - 2.9, 25 + 2.9) = (22.1, 27.9) You would approximate the average age in the population to be between 22.1 and 27.9. The confidence level is the level of certainty with which you make a claim about a population parameter. For the above example, if your margin of error was calculated using a confidence level of 95%, you would interpret your confidence interval by saying, "I am 95% confident that the average age of a college student is between 22.1 and 27.9 years." The confidence level is 95%. Another way to interpret this confidence interval is to say that 95% of samples randomly selected from this population will have an average age in this range of numbers (the confidence interval), but 5% of the samples randomly selected from this population may have an average age that does NOT fall in this range. When deciding whether a confidence level is "appropriate," we should consider the consequences of being "wrong." If we make a decision based on results for 95% of samples in a population, that decision may not be the best decision for 5% of samples in the population. Consider the following 2 statements: Your doctor is 95% confident about the number of guests who will enjoy the dessert he serves at his dinner party. Your doctor is 95% confident about the number of his patients who will die from an allergic reaction to a new medication he prescribes. Is the 95% confidence level an acceptable confidence level in both cases? (Most people would say they want the doctor to be more confident in his results about his patients! In other words, when we are deciding whether our 95% confidence level is "appropriate," we are considering the consequences of making a decision that could be wrong for the 5% of samples that will not have an average or proportion that fall within the calculated confidence interval and weighing the risks. Select the "Original Post" tab for instructions on how to make your first post in this discussion. ORIGINAL POST: Get on the Gallup websiteLinks to an external site.. Pick one of the articles (not a blog) on the Gallup website OR select an article from the "Resources" page of this discussion. In your original post, answer the following: Describe the survey methods used by Gallup. State a major finding, claim, or result in your poll involving a sample mean or sample proportion. State the margin of error presented in the article. (You may need to scroll down and find the “survey methods” box; then click the + to open this box and find this information.) State the confidence level for the poll. (You may find this in the article, or you might also find it in the "survey methods" box.) Construct a confidence interval for the sample mean or sample proportion you identified. Select the "Resources" tab for a list of some of the Gallup polls from which you can choose. You may also select a different poll from the Gallup website, provided you are able to address each of the discussion prompts with the poll you choose. Check with your instructor if you are unsure. Select the "Examples" tab to see what an original post for this discussion might look like. Select the "Replies" tab for instructions on what you should include in your replies to classmates in this discussion. RESOURCES: Saad, L. (2020, October 30). Americans plan to scale back on holiday spending this year. https://news.gallup.com/poll/322796/americans-plan-scale-back-holiday-spending-year.aspxLinks to an external site. Crabtree, S. (2020, October 29). Americans' social distancing habits have tapered since July. https://news.gallup.com/poll/322064/americans-social-distancing-habits-tapered-july.aspxLinks to an external site. Saad, L. (2020, October 29). Americans' readiness to get COVID-19 vaccine falls to 50%. https://news.gallup.com/poll/321839/readiness-covid-vaccine-falls-past-month.aspxLinks to an external site. Brenan, P. (2020, October 20). Americans favor saving over spending until vaccine. https://news.gallup.com/poll/318815/americans-favor-saving-spending-until-vaccine.aspxLinks to an external site. Brenan, M. (2020, October 29). More voters than in prior years say election outcome matters. https://news.gallup.com/poll/322010/voters-prior-years-say-election-outcome-matters.aspxLinks to an external site. Newport, F. (2020, October 28). Americans and the role of government. https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/321767/americans-role-government.aspxLinks to an external site. Saad, L. (2020, October 29). U.S. satisfaction with women's treatment remains tepid. https://news.gallup.com/poll/317279/satisfaction-women-treatment-remains-tepid.aspxLinks to an external site. McCarthy, J. (2020, October 29). Ideal evenings for most Americans involve family time, TV. https://news.gallup.com/poll/313028/ideal-evenings-americans-involve-family-time.aspxLinks to an external site. Saad, L. (2020, October 29). U.S. conservatism down since start of 2020. https://news.gallup.com/poll/316094/conservatism-down-start-2020.aspxLinks to an external site. Gallup, I. (2020, May 21). The characteristics of good jobs for low-income workers. https://www.gallup.com/education/309911/characteristics-good-jobs-low-income-workers.aspxLinks to an external site. EXAMPLE POST: Example Original PostNote: the following discussion prompts are addressed for a "fabricated" Gallup poll. Describe the survey methods used by Gallup. In the poll I selected, data was collected by phone interviews. The sample was selected from the population of voters in a particular state using random-digit dialing. State a major finding, claim, or result in your poll involving a sample mean or sample proportion. Gallup researchers calculated in this study that approximately 39% of the randomly selected sample of voters in this state were undecided about who they would vote for in the next election. State the margin of error presented in the article. (You may need to scroll down and find the “survey methods” box; then click the + to open this box and find this information.) The researchers calculated the margin of error to be ±2.1%. State the confidence level for the poll. (You may find this in the article, or you might also find it in the "survey methods" box.) The researchers elected to use a confidence level of 95% for this study. Construct a confidence interval for the sample mean or sample proportion you identified. CI = (x-bar - E, x-bar + E) = (39% - 2.1%, 39% + 2.1%) = (36.9%, 41.1%)ReferencesDon't forget to include your APA-formatted reference for the Gallup poll that you discuss HERE!

Often, we search for data or research studies that are already available to help us make informed decisions, claims, or predictions about a population. When searching for such data or existing studies, it is important that we use credible and reliable information. The Gallup Poll is a polling organization that conducts public opinion polls on local, national, and global scales. Originating in the early 1900s, this long-standing organization is a generally well-respected, reliable, and accurate source of data and data analyses. In this discussion, you will explore Gallup polls in areas related to your field of study. We will identify and interpret key statistical concepts that we have studied last week and this week as they are applied in the Gallup polls. Discussion Topic Begin this discussion by reviewing the "Key Concepts" to be considered when addressing the discussion prompts in the first tab below. Each of these concepts are elaborated upon in the text readings for this module. After reviewing the tabs for instructions for your "Original Post" and "Replies" for this discussion, select the "Examples" tab for examples of participation in this discussion. KEY CONCEPTS: When collecting data, the survey method is the means by which the data is obtained from the sample. For example, the survey method may be a telephone interview, a web-based questionnaire, or an in-person focus group. The survey method is a significant factor to consider when deciding whether the data obtained from the survey can accurately reflect a diverse population. When you are asked to describe the survey method, you are being asked to state how the data was collected from the sample. We recall from our 1.1 Discussion the population in a research study or statistical analysis is the overall group of people (or things) about which we are trying to make a claim, answer a question, or make a prediction. The sample is a subset of that population. We hope that we choose an effective sampling method so that the sample we obtain accurately reflects the diversity of the population. When you are asked to identify the sample group in the poll, some important facts to include are the size of the sample and how the sample was selected from the population it represents. Having a sample that is "large enough" and a sample that was selected with a carefully selected sampling method are important requirements for ensuring that the sample selected is most likely to be representative of the diversity in its population. To understand the diversity of a population, we should consider in what ways a population might be diverse. There are many commonly considered factors in diversity, including (but not limited to): age education level employment status/profession ethnicity geographic region gender and gender identification race religion sexual orientation socio-economic class There are many other factors which can contribute to the diversity of a population. When considering whether a sample represents the diversity of its population in this discussion, focus on the survey method and the sample identified. Is the survey method equally accessible and understandable to all members of the population so that every member of the population has an equal chance of accurately expressing their opinion in the survey? Does the sampling method provide that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample? In your opinion, is the sample "large enough" to include a reasonably diverse subset of the population? Are there segments of the population that are likely to be underrepresented or left out of the sample based on the sampling method (how the sample was selected), or based on the survey method (how the data is to be collected)? These are the kinds of questions you should address when deciding whether the sample represents the diversity of its population. EXAMPLES Some ways the diversity of a population might not be represented in a study (related to survey method and sample): Members of lower income classes who don't have regular access to phone service might be underrepresented in a study in which uses telephone surveys and random digit dialing to deflect the sample and gather data. Members who speak English as a second language might be underrepresented in a study in which paper surveys (in English) were mailed to a simple random sample of the population A sample of only 100 people across the United States, no matter how they were selected, could not possibly accurately reflect the diversity of the entire country. Select the "Original Post" tab for instructions on how to make your first post in this discussion. ORIGINAL POST: Get on the Gallup websiteLinks to an external site.. Pick one of the articles on the Gallup website OR choose one of the articles "Resources" page for your degree field. MY DEGREE FIELD IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE. In your original post, answer the following: Discuss one or two of the results or major findings (there will be a lot, so do not feel the need to discuss them all). Describe the survey methods used by Gallup. What sample group was used in the poll? Do you think the sample represents the diversity of the entire population? Be sure to document the poll you discuss in APA format so that your classmates may reference the poll as needed to reply to your post. Select the "Resources" tab for a list of some of the Gallup polls from which you can choose. You may also select a different poll from the Gallup website, provided you are able to address each of the discussion prompts with the poll you choose. Check with your instructor if you are unsure. Select the "Examples" tab to see what an original post for this discussion might look like. Select the "Replies" tab for instructions on what you should include in your replies to classmates in this discussion. CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESOURCES: Naguib, C. (2020, October 29). Implications of inequitable policing in fragile communities. https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/312707/implications-inequitable-policing-fragile-communities.aspxLinks to an external site. Crabtree, S. (2020, October 29). Large racial gaps on crime seen in 'Fragile Communities'. https://news.gallup.com/poll/251723/large-racial-gaps-crime-seen-fragile-communities.aspxLinks to an external site. McCarthy, J. (2019, May 24). Americans divided on priorities for criminal justice system. https://news.gallup.com/poll/196394/americans-divided-priorities-criminal-justice-system.aspxLinks to an external site. McCarthy, J. (2019, May 24). Americans' views shift on toughness of justice system. https://news.gallup.com/poll/196568/americans-views-shift-toughness-justice-system.aspxLinks to an external site. Brenan, M. (2021, November 20). Fewer Americans call for tougher criminal justice system. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/324164/fewer-americans-call-tougher-criminal-justice-system.aspxLinks to an external site. Jones, J. M., & Lloyd, C. (2021, November 20). Black Americans' reports of mistreatment steady or higher. Gallup.com. https://news.gallup.com/poll/352580/black-americans-reports-mistreatment-steady-higher.aspxLinks to an external site.

This final part is where you pull together everything that you have learned so far in class and demonstrate how it relates to your selected topic. This submission requires you to use your Week 2 Project Part A submission and analyze your findings from a statistical perspective. Instructions Your final project should include Part A and all of the following: Sampling: A careful description of how the samples were obtained. Be very specific. Include sample sizes, the population of interest, and a description of the sample. Also, include a copy of the survey if you used one. Data: The actual data and a summary of the counts. Descriptive Statistics: Any descriptive statistics relevant to your project should be included. You are required to give the mean, mode, median, and standard deviation of your data (2 sets if you are doing 2 means). At least two graphs (such as box plots, scatter plots, stem-and-leaf, histograms, etc.) should be part of your project. The graphs can be a way to summarize descriptive statistics. Hypotheses testing: Show your hypothesis test and discuss any conclusions they suggest State the hypotheses you will test and formally write them in proper notation Give the results (reject, fail to reject) and explain what that means in a practical way. Conclusion: Discuss the weaknesses of your study. To what population do you feel comfortable extrapolating your results? Why? Give suggestions for further work in the area of your topic. Be sure to reference the situation as you discuss your conclusion. (this is a great time to seek out similar published research on your topic, is yours in line with those results? If not why do you think that is? Explain what leads you to the conclusion(s) that you have drawn. What would you change if you started this project again? What considerations would you include? Include any areas of caution that a reader or user of your work should be aware of as they make decisions. Was the sample random, was the sample large enough, etc? References in APA format. Rubric Project Submission B Rubric (Final) Project Submission B Rubric (Final) Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSample and Target PopulationClear description of sampling method, size, population, and description of sample (with survey if applicable) 10 pts Mastery Clear description of sampling method, size, population, and description of sample (with survey if applicable) 7 pts Competent Sample and population identified with few errors, or sampling method brief and/or not descriptive enough for clarity. 3 pts Beginning Understanding Sample or Population is either absent or incorrect, or description is absent. 0 pts Missing No direct discussion about the sample, population, and sampling method. 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeDataComplete data set and summary of counts 10 pts Mastery Complete data set and summary of counts 7 pts Competent Data set and summary of counts with minimal errors. 3 pts Beginning Understanding Data set or summary of counts missing or substantially inaccurate. 0 pts Missing Data set not included. 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeMean, Median, Mode, and Standard DeviationCorrectly calculated mean, mode, median, and standard deviation 20 pts Mastery Correctly calculated mean, mode, median, and standard deviation with accompanying work or calculations. 15 pts Competent Correctly calculated mean, mode, median, and standard deviation 10 pts Developing Competency Mean, mode, median, and standard deviation calculated with some errors. 5 pts Beginning Understanding Mean, mode, median, or standard deviation calculated with substantial errors or individual measurements are missing. 0 pts Missing No mention of mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. 20 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomePictorial RepresentationsTwo correct graphs summarizing descriptive statistics 10 pts Mastery Two correct graphs summarizing descriptive statistic that are clear in their presentation. 7 pts Competent Two correct graphs summarizing descriptive statistic 3 pts Beginning Understanding Unclear graphs summarizing descriptive statistics, or one missing. 0 pts Missing Both graphs are not present. 10 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeHypothesis TestCorrectly calculated hypothesis test 20 pts Mastery Correctly calculated hypothesis test thoroughly with conditions met and proper handling of null-hypothesis. 15 pts Competent Correctly calculated hypothesis test 10 pts Developing Competence Calculated hypothesis test but there are missing components critical to the test. 5 pts Beginning Understanding Calculated hypothesis test but has substantial errors. 0 pts Missing No hypothesis test included. 20 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeConclusionsConclusion discusses weaknesses and confounding variables 20 pts Mastery Conclusion discusses weaknesses and confounding variables clearly. Also addresses plans for how to improve if the project were to be done again. 15 pts Competent Conclusion discusses weaknesses and confounding variables 10 pts Developing Competency Conclusion discusses weaknesses and confounding variables but is unclear or has some slightly erroneous conclusions. 5 pts Beginning Understanding Conclusion discusses weaknesses and confounding variables are unclear and has erroneous conclusions. 0 pts Missing No conclusion present. 20 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeCraftsmanshipReference(s) using APA format 10 pts Mastery Reference(s) using APA format done correctly and with excellent organization/presentation. 8 pts Competent Reference(s) using APA format with minor errors but still well organized. 5 pts Beginning Understanding Reference(s) with major mistakes, or weak organization. 0 pts Missing No references or poor organization 10 pts Total Points: 100

Open the Heart Rate Excel Data Set and identify the quantitative variables. Make sure the data is sorted by category (e.g.male-at-rest, female-at-rest, etc.). Use the Data Analysis tools of Excel to construct 95% and 99% confidence intervals for all 8 categories of the sorted quantitative variables. Excel will calculate the margin of error given as the “confidence interval” in the output. Use this margin of error to create your 8 confidence intervals by both adding and subtracting it from the sample mean (calculated in unit 3). This creates a range of values that is the confidence interval. Create a Word document, and use your calculated results to explain what the confidence intervals tell us. What do these confidence intervals tell us about our heart rate data? How would you interpret the 95% and 99% intervals for resting heart rate? Compare the 99% and 95% intervals and explain why one is larger than the other even though we use the same sample mean value. ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS: Your assignment should be typed into a Word or other word-processing document, formatted in APA style. The assignments must include Running head A title page with Assignment name Your name Professor’s name Course Include references used to completet assignment

Hello, please help me solve these question in lab 3 exercise by using R, these questions related to longitudinal analysis. I also provide the solution code for these question, please do it in different way so I can understand it better. Thank you. All the needed document is attached below.

Hello, I hope this message finds you well. I have an assignment, and I need your help. I have attached the files. 1. The instructions to do the assignment. 2. Examples. The like for the book include chapters 1, 2, and 3. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1a2iw4LWY8U6xRkhrk... Your support in refining and perfecting the assignment would mean a lot to me. Please let me know if you need any additional information or clarification. (Note: please be careful if you will be using AI tools because that is not allowed by my professor; please check AI Detector and Plagiarism)

Hello. I was hoping that you would be able to assist me with this week's assignment and it only need to be between 350-700 words. I have attached the Assignment and Requirements, Chapters, the Call Time Analysis, and the Call Time Data (Excel Spreadsheet). Thank you

Lab 2: Describing Data using graphing and frequency table In this assignment, you will practice analyzing univariate data (e.g., single variable at a time) by interpreting frequency, percentage, and cumulative distributions of nominal and ordinal variables. For this lab, we will use 2019 Monitoring the Future Survey data from 12th graders in U.S. schools. You downloaded this dataset previously. If you have not downloaded the dataset yet, please refer to the previous information for instructions on how to access and download the dataset. Please answer each of the following questions in full. For some you will type your answers (please use full sentences with proper grammar). For others, you will copy screenshots or provide key information from your SPSS output. Please ALSO attach or submit your SPSS output with every assignment! You will lose 5 points if the SPSS output is not uploaded with the assignment submission. These assignments should be completed individually, and each person must submit an independent lab assignment. You are encouraged to discuss the labs with your peers/group, but each student should write up their answers independently. UPDATE FROM THE PROFESSOR: Please use V2101 for the ever smoke variable. Do NOT use V2101D please. Thank you!

write a statistical report, simple question, no AI and no plagiarism, and follow details on uploaded files

nstructions In this exercise we will: Learn how to create a scatterplot. Use the scatterplot to examine the relationship between two quantitative variables. Learn how to create a labeled scatterplot. Use the labeled scatterplot to better understand the form of a relationship. In this activity we explore the relationship between weight and height for 81 adults. We will use height as the explanatory variable. Weight is the response variable. We will then label the men and women by adding the categorical variable gender to the scatterplot. We will see if separating the groups contributes to our understanding of the form of the relationship between height and weight. Instructions Click on the link corresponding to your statistical package to see instructions for completing the activity, and then answer the questions below. Excel | TI Calculator Question 1: Describe the relationship between the height and weight of the subjects. To describe the relationship write about the pattern (direction, form, and strength) and any deviations from the pattern (outliers). So far we have studied the relationship between height and weight for all of the males and females together. It may be interesting to examine whether the relationship between height and weight is different for males and females. To visualize the effect of the third variable, gender, we will indicate in the scatterplot which observations are males and which are females. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/oerfiles/Concepts+in+Statistics/assignments/scatterplot5lbd/scatterplot5lbd_ti0.html