Description Instructions Use the Consequence-Based Strategies Template [DOCX] to write a paper that includes the following: Part 1 Case Study and Target Behavior (Not graded) Summarize the case study you are using for your assignments. Identify and define the target (problem) behavior in your case study. Your definition must be objective, specific, and measurable so your instructor can understand what is and what is not an example of the problem target behavior. State the function of the problem behavior. Justify the function based on the data. Part 2 Consequence-Based Strategy Include the following new information for this assignment: Describe one consequence-based strategy that could be used after the behavior has occurred. In addition, explain how compassionate approaches were considered when selecting and implementing the strategy. Refer to the Compassion Code [PDF]. Use at least two scholarly or professional resources to support the use of your chosen consequence-based strategy. Explain how the common, relevant ABA concepts, principles, and methods used in the studies can be used to modify the behavior identified in your case study. Explain whether the interventions in the studies can be considered compassionate and least intrusive. Refer to the Compassion Code [PDF]. Be sure to complete the self-assessment grading rubric included in the template. Additional Requirements Written communication: Should be free of errors that detract from the overall message. APA formatting: References and citations are formatted according to current APA style guidelines. Resources: 2 scholarly or professional resources. Length: 2–3 double-spaced content pages plus title page and reference list. Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 points. UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Capella Compassion Code We recognize the importance of practicing and interacting with compassion across all professional activities. Compassion means taking the time to listen to others, try to understand them, and do what we can to help them. This code highlights some, but not all, of the ways in which we can be compassionate professionals. Compassion in Interacting with Clients • Obtain consent and assent for assessment and intervention with sensitivity to comprehension level, cultural and linguistic factors, fears and concerns, and other sources of pressure. • Be sensitive to potential past trauma. • Choose reinforcers thoughtfully and incorporate client choice in reinforcer and treatment selection as much as possible. • Use caution with any potentially aversive strategies, including physical prompting, crisis interventions, and reinforcer restriction. • Engage clients in setting their own goals and planning their own strategies. • Dedicate time to building rapport and establish and maintain trust with clients. • Assess social validity continuously during and following assessment and intervention. • Be flexible and fun. Compassion in Interacting with Stakeholders • Build rapport with and actively listen to stakeholders, and recognize others as affected by client’s ABA experience, including the client’s parents, family members, friends, teachers, classmates, co-workers. • Practice and interact with humility regarding client’s and family’s cultural background, values, and family dynamics. • Demonstrate concern for client’s significant others. Soft Skills for Interactions in all Professional Relationships • Have a sense of humor (with caution and sensitivity to the situation). • Be tactful in addressing others, including regarding unethical practices, dual relationship requests, and setting boundaries. 1 • Provide positive feedback whenever possible. • Practice humility. • Actively listen with a curious and open mindset for shared ideas. Being a Responsible Professional • Know the BACB ethics codes and how context impacts ethical decisions. • Know and follow federal, state, local, and employer regulations. • Make all clinical recommendations, decisions, plans, changes, based on data and scientifically established best practices. • Practice self-care and self-compassion. 2 1 Consequence-Based Strategies Student Name Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Capella University PSY 7713: Course Name Instructor Name Assignment Due Date 2 Consequence Based Strategies Please note, all italicized writing in this template is for instructional purposes. You will not be using italics. Remove all instructions in your paper.) This assignment is one step closer to the creation of a behavior plan for the case study client from assignment, Antecedent-Based Strategies and Replacement-Based Strategies. In this assignment, you will identify a function-based response for when the client emits the problem behavior. Make sure to utilize the library to search for literature to support the use of this strategy and refer to the MS in Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Research Guide. The overall length of this paper should be 2-3 pages, using APA formatting. Case Study This section provides a scholarly way to set up your paper and your behavior intervention plan and provides more information to the audience on the background of the patient. Although this section will not be part of your grade for this assignment, It allows you to provide the necessary background information for the sections that will be graded. In this section you will summarize the case study you are using for your assignment with an objective, specific, and measurable definition for your target behavior. The definition should include an operational definition with examples and non-examples to outline the topography of the behavior, as well as, including a statement about the function of the problem behavior and a justification of the function based on data interpretation. Consequence-Based Strategy This section should be approximately 1 page. You will describe one consequence-based strategy that could be used after the behavior has occurred. In this section, use at least two scholarly or professional resources to support the use of your chosen Consequence-based 3 strategy. You will explain how the common, relevant ABA concepts, principles, and methods used in the studies can be used to modify the target behavior identified in your case study. Additionally, explain whether the interventions in the studies can be considered compassionate and least intrusive, using the Capella Compassion Code. Use the Capella Compassion Code and appropriately explain why your intervention fits into this code. 4 References Any listed references must be cited above to remain on the list. If you do not use one of the references or use additional references (you are welcome to use any relevant reference), you must add them to the reference list. Refer to APA 7th edition for proper APA formatting of references. Capella Compassion Code. (n.d.). Capella University. 5 Self-Assessment Assess your own work on this assignment using the rubric your instructor will use to grade your work. Highlight the level you reached for each criterion. Criteria Nonperformance Basic Recommend a consequencebased intervention based on literature. Does not recommend a consequencebased intervention based on literature. Explain how the literature supports the chosen consequencebased intervention. Does not explain how the literature supports the chosen consequencebased intervention. Proficient Distinguished Recommends a consequence-based intervention, but it is not supported by the literature or appropriate for the target behavior. Recommends a consequencebased intervention based on literature. Recommends a consequence-based intervention and explains how the Capella Compassion Code was considered when selecting the strategy. Explains how the literature supports the chosen consequence-based intervention, but the explanation is unclear or missing key details. Explains how the literature supports the chosen consequencebased intervention. Uses recent and relevant studies to explain how the literature supports the chosen consequence-based intervention. Identify compassionate approaches in the interventions described in the studies. Attempts to identify Does not identify compassionate compassionate approaches in the approaches in interventions the interventions described in the described in the studies, but the studies. discussion is inaccurate or incomplete. Demonstrate an academic writing style through well-organized prose that follows assignment Demonstrates minimally acceptable writing style, with instances of disorganization and grammatical or Does not demonstrate an academic writing style. Identifies compassionate approaches in the interventions Identifies described in the compassionate studies and approaches in the provides an interventions example to described in the illustrate how this studies. intervention considers a compassionate approach. Demonstrates an academic writing style through well-organized prose that follows Demonstrates an academic writing style through wellorganized prose that contains no significant grammatical or 6 guidelines. Demonstrate compliance with APA style, citation, and referencing guidelines. mechanical errors, or does not follow all assignment guidelines. Does not demonstrate compliance with APA style, citation, and referencing guidelines. Demonstrates minimally acceptable compliance with APA style, citation, and referencing guidelines. assignment guidelines. mechanical errors and follows assignment guidelines. Demonstrates compliance with APA style, citation, and referencing guidelines. Develops a paper that is fully compliant with APA style, citation, and referencing guidelines. Case Study #2 Isaac is a 9-year-old male living at home with his biological family in Florida. Isaac has the medical diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder (F84.0) and Intellectual Disability (F79). Isaac’s family is seeking services due to Isaac’s engagement of maladaptive behaviors of selfinjury, which consists of banging his head on various hard surfaces. Isaac’s impulsivity and lack of safety awareness are a high concern for the family. He requires constant supervision to maintain his health and safety. Isaac engages in head banging at a high frequency and intensity. The self-injury has resulted in facial injuries and hospitalization due to the impact from banging his head on hard surfaces on an average of 36 times per hour. Isaac engages in SIB when prompted to complete nonpreferred demands or tasks. These tasks include transitions, self-help skills, and academic tasks. Triggers for maladaptive behaviors include, being told no, waiting, academic tasks, and removing tangible items. The below data is the results of the functional behavior assessment. SIB Attention Condition Demand Condition Alone Condition Tangible Condition Frequency 2 occurrences in session 1, 1 occurrences in session 2, and 1 occurrences in session 3. 14 occurrences in session 1, 10 occurrences in session 2, and 9 occurrences in session 3. 0 occurrences in session 1, 1 occurrences in session 2, and 0 occurrences in session 3. 9 occurrences in session 1, 11 occurrences in session 2, and 13 occurrences in session 3. Week 9 Assignment Data Baseline Data 25 22 Intervention Data 28 19 28 20 25 10 5 3 Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis / Science – Future of Lithuania ISSN 2029-2341 / eISSN 2029-2252 2023 Volume 15, Article ID: mla.2023.17031, 1–5 https://doi.org/10.3846/mla.2023.17031 Civil engineering Statybos inžinerija IŠ ANKSTO ?TEMPTOS ARMAT?ROS ?TEMPIMO ?TAKOS ATRAMINIO MAZGO SU ?PJOVA LAIKOMAJAI GALIAI ANALIZ? Vilius MAS?NAS * Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, Vilnius, Lietuva Gauta 2022 m. geguž?s 24 d.; priimta 2022 m. rugs?jo 15 d. Santrauka. Straipsnyje analizuojama surenkamoji iš anksto ?tempta sta?iakampio skerspj?vio gelžbetonin? sija su ?pjova atramin?je zonoje. Tiriamas neigiamas armat?ros ?tempimo poveikis atraminio mazgo su ?pjova laikomajai galiai. Sudaromas skaitinis sijos modelis grindžiamas eksperimentiniu bandiniu ir atliekama netiesin? analiz? naudojant DIANA FEA programin? paket?, siekiant nustatyti skirtingo armat?ros ?tempimo intensyvumo poveik? mazgo laikomajai galiai. Rezultatai lyginami su analitiniais skai?iavimais ir literat?roje aprašoma elgsena. Nustatyta, kad armat?ros ?tempimas smarkiai mažina atraminio mazgo su ?pjova laikom?j? gali?, kai ?tempta armat?ra neprat?siama iki sijos galo virš ?pjovos. Skaitinio modelio laikomoji galia d?l ?tempimo sumažinama 9,67 %, o analitiniais skai?iavimais – 25 %. Projektuojant sijas su ?pjova atraminiame mazge, b?tina ?vertinti ?temptosios armat?ros poveik? mazgo laikomajai galiai ir pleiš?jimui. Reikšminiai žodžiai: iš anksto ?temptas gelžbetonis, jungtis su ?pjova, sija su ?pjova atramin?je zonoje, netiesin? analiz?, skaitin? analiz?, skaitinis modelis, surenkamoji gelžbetonin? sija. ?vadas Surenkamosios iš anksto ?temptos gelžbetonin?s sijos su ?pjova atramin?je zonoje yra dažnai naudojamas elementas pastat? ir tilt? statyboje. ?pjautasis sijos galas – tai jungtis, turinti daug pranašum?, lyginant su sijomis be ?pjov?. Atremiant ?pjaut? sijos gal? ant kolonos gemb?s, apverst? T formos sij? arba L formos briaun?, galima gerokai apriboti elemento konstrukcin? aukšt?, bendr? pastato aukšt? ir pastato sav?j? svor? (Aswin et al., 2015). Taip sumažinamas apdailos, laikan?i?j? konstrukcij? medžiag? poreikis, be to, sumaž?ja darb? s?naudos, tod?l sijos su ?pjautu galu leidžia pl?toti tvaresn? ir efektyvesn? statyb?. Tokia sijos jungtis suteikia pranašum? ne tik bendrai konstrukcijai, bet ir individualiam elementui, nes, pak?lus elemento atramin? tašk? ir sumažinus jo paties konstrukcin? aukšt? atraminiame gale, individualaus elemento horizontalusis stabilumas labai padid?ja (Mattock & Chan, 1979). Be to, ?leidžiant atramin? konstrukcij? ? sijos išpjov? pasiekiamas ir geresnis estetinis vaizdas. Kaip ir visi konstrukciniai sprendiniai, atraminis mazgas su ?pjova turi ir tr?kum?. Vienas iš j? – tai iš anksto ?temptos armat?ros poveikis atraminio mazgo laikomajai galiai, kai ?tempti armat?ros lynai n?ra prat?siami iki sijos galo virš ?pjovos. Daugelyje tyrim? ?tempta armat?ra išd?stoma atlankomis iki sijos galo, tod?l pleiš?jimo ir ?strižojo pj?vio laikomoji galia did?ja (Hamoudi & Phang, 1974; Nanni & Huang, 2002; Moreno-Martínez & Meli, 2014). Brinkley’us tyrime armat?r? išd?sto tiesiais strypais ?tempiant ?pjovoje, ta?iau šlyties suirtis vyksta viso aukš?io skerspj?vio dalyje, tod?l laikomoji galia nuo apspaudimo taip pat did?ja (Brinkley, 2013). Problema kyla tada, kai suirimas vyksta ?strižajame pj?vyje virš ?pjovos, o ?tempimas atliekamas prie ?pjovos krašto. Tada apspaudimo j?ga ?strižojo pj?vio neapgniuždo. Werneris ir Dilgeris teigia, kad armat?ros apspaudimo j?ga, veikianti ?pjovos krašt?, sukelia tempiamuosius ?tempius vidiniame ?pjovos kampe (Werner & Dilger, 1973). Ši? tempiam?j? ?tempi? dydis priklauso nuo kampo, kuriuo apspaudimo j?ga veikia elemento krašt?, ir nuo j?gos dydžio. Vadinasi, ?tempi? dyd? lemia ?tempt? lyn? išd?stymo schema ir armat?ros ?tempimo intensyvumas. Apspaudimo j?gos sukeliami tempiamieji ?tempiai ?pjovos kampe žymiai pablogina atraminio mazgo atsparum? pleiš?jimui (Mattock & Theryo, 1986). Mattockas ir Theryo nurodo, kad kuo stipriau ?tempta armat?ra, tuo mažesnei apkrovai veikiant element? susidaro dideli ?strižieji plyšiai. Autoriai pateikia išvad?, kad, siekiant išvengti *Autorius susirašin?ti. El. paštas vilius.masenas@vilniustech.lt © 2023 Straipsnio autoriai. Leid?jas Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas Šis straipsnis yra atvirosios prieigos straipsnis, turintis K?rybini? bendrij? (Creative Commons) licencij? (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), kuri leidžia neribot? straipsnio ar jo dali? panaud? su privaloma s?lyga nurodyti autori? ir pirmin? šaltin?. V. Mas?nas. Iš anksto ?temptos armat?ros ?tempimo ?takos atraminio mazgo su ?pjova laikomajai galiai analiz? mis. Lu ir kt. bandinys modifikuojamas 80 % sumažinant skersin?s armat?ros kiek? prie kairiosios ?pjovos krašto, perkeliant kairi?j? atram? 100 mm atstumu ar?iau ?pjovos krašto ir naudojant šešis 15,7 mm skersmens lynus tempiamojoje sijos zonoje. Modeliuoto bandinio schemos pateikiamos 3 pav. Modelis atramin?se zonose remiamas per 100 mm ilgio, 200 mm plo?io ir 40 mm aukš?io plokšteles. Toki? matmen? plokštel?s naudojamos ir apkrov? prid?jimo vietoje. Kairiosios atramos poslinkiai suvaržomi visomis kryptimis ir suvaržomas pasisukimas apie z ir x ašis. Dešinioji atrama naudojama identiška kairiajai, bet padaroma paslanki x ašies kryptimi. Sijos betonas aprašomas kaip tampriai plastin? medžiaga. Parenkamas Total strain based crack model. Betono gniuždomoji kreiv? parenkama Parabolic (žr. 4 pav.), o tempiamoji – Exponential (žr. 5 pav.). Nurodytam betono modeliui reikalingos betono charakteristikos, kurios n?ra pateikiamos Lu ir kt. tyrimo aprašyme, tod?l toliau nurodomos formul?s, taikomos tr?kstamiems parametrams apskai?iuoti. Gniuždomoji betono suirimo energija (Valivonis et al., 2014): G fc = 15 + 0,43 ? fc ? 0,0036 ? fc2 , (1) ?pjovos vidiniame kampe susidaran?i? pavojing? tempiam?j? ?tempi?, rekomenduojama mažiausiai pus? vis? iš anksto ?tempt? lyn? prat?sti iki sijos galo. Kitu atveju armat?ros ?tempimas sukelia labai didžiul? neigiam? poveik? atraminiam mazgui eksploatacijos metu. Priešingas ?temptos armat?ros lyn? poveikis aprašomas Al-Khazraji disertacijos išvadose (Al-Khazraji, 2014). Teigiama, kad armat?r? ?tempiant ? ?pjovos kraštus, lynus išd?stant horizontaliai, laikomoji galia padid?ja iki 35 %, o pleiš?jimo apkrova – iki 46 %. Darbe pateikiami tik to bandinio rezultatai, kai armat?ra ?tempiama, o lyginamasis bandinys, kai armat?ra ne?tempiama, darbe n?ra aprašomas ir rezultatai nepateikiami. Vadinasi, toki? prieštaraujan?i? elgsen? privalu ištirti. Tyrim? kiekio apie ?strižojo pj?vio irim?, kai iš anksto ?tempta armat?ra išd?stoma tik viso aukš?io skerspj?vio dalyje ir ?tempimas atliekamas prie ?pjovos krašto, nepakanka. 1. Sijos su ?pjova skaitinis modelis Siekiant nustatyti iš anksto ?temptos armat?ros poveik? atraminio mazgo su ?pjova laikomajai galiai, sudarytas skaitinis modelis baigtini? element? analiz?s programiniame pakete DIANA FEA (žr. 1 ir 2 pav.). Modeliuojama sija grindžiama Lu et al. (2003) tyrime aprašomo bandinio Nr. 10 geometrija, armavimo schema ir medžiag? savyb?- ?ia fc ? vidutinis gniuždomasis cilindrinis betono stipris. 1 paveikslas. Sijos skaitinis modelis Figure 1. Numerical model of the beam 2 paveikslas. Armat?ros išd?stymas skaitiniame modelyje Figure 2. Reinforcement arrangement in the numerical model 3 paveikslas. Modeliuoto bandinio schemos Figure 3. Drawings of the modelled specimen 2 Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis / Science – Future of Lithuania, 2023, 15, Article ID: mla.2023.17031 Tempiamoji betono suirimo energija (Valivonis et al., 2014): 0,7 ? fcm ? 0,03 (2) G = ? ? ? , F ? 10 ? ?ia fcm ? vidutinis gniuždomasis betono stipris pagal EN 1992-1-1 3.1 lentel? (European Committee for Standardization, 2004). Tempiamasis stipris skai?iuojamas pagal EN 1992-1-1 3.1 lentel?je pateikiamas formules: 2 fctm = 0,3 ? fck3 , kai fck ? C 50 / 60; (3) ? ? f ?? (4) fctm = 2,12 ? ln ?1 + ? cm ? ? , kai fck > C 50 / 60, ? ? 10 ? ? ?ia fck ? charakteristinis gniuždomasis stipris, fcm ? vidutinis gniuždomasis betono stipris. fcm = fck + 8 MPa; (5) 4 paveikslas. Betono gniuždomoji kreiv? (DIANA FEA BV, 2015a) Figure 4. Concrete compression curve (DIANA FEA BV, 2015a) f= fcm ? 8 MPa. ck (6) Betono tamprumo modulis apskai?iuojamas pagal formul? iš EN 1992-1-1 3.1 lentel?s: ?f ? Ecm= 22 ? ? cm ? ? 10 ? 0,3 . (7) Galutin?s betono savyb?s pateikiamos 1 lentel?je, armat?ros savyb?s – 2 lentel?je. Sij? veikia dvi apkrovos – savojo svorio apkrova ir apkrova ant apkrovimo plokštel?s. Tarp plokšteli? paviršiaus ir j? ?spaudo ant sijos naudojama jungtis 3D surface interface. Plokšteli? plienui parenkamas tiesinis medžiagos modelis, kurio tamprumo modulis E prilyginamas 210 GPa, Puasono koeficientas v = 0,3, tankis ? = 7850 kg/m3. Modelis paskirstomas ? kelias zonas, kuriose skiriasi baigtini? element? dydžiai: zona aplink kairi?j? ?pjov? 5 paveikslas. Betono tempiamoji kreiv? (DIANA FEA BV, 2015b) Figure 5. Concrete tension curve (DIANA FEA BV, 2015b) 1 lentel?. Betono savyb?s Table 1. Concrete properties Modelis Pleiš?jimo modelis, pagr?stas deformacija Tiesin?s savyb?s Tempiamosios savyb?s Gniuždomosios savyb?s Tamprumo modulis, GPa Puasono koeficientas Tankis, kg m3 Tempimo kreiv? Stipris, MPa Suirimo energija, N/mm Gniuždymo kreiv? Stipris, MPa Suirimo energija, N/mm 31,675 0,2 2400 Eksponentin? 2,613 0,07 Parabolin? 33,7 25,403 Besisukanti plyši? kryptis 2 lentel?. Armat?ros savyb?s Table 2. Reinforcement properties Armat?ros grup? Medžiagos modelis Tamprumo modulis, GPa Takumo ?tempiai, MPa Plastinis stipr?jimas As Von Miseso plastiškumas 200 461,82 Stipr?jimo n?ra Von Miseso plastiškumas 200 368,00 Stipr?jimo n?ra Von Miseso plastiškumas 200 416,14 Stipr?jimo n?ra Von Miseso plastiškumas 195 1600,00 Stipr?jimo n?ra Ah Avh Asp 3 V. Mas?nas. Iš anksto ?temptos armat?ros ?tempimo ?takos atraminio mazgo su ?pjova laikomajai galiai analiz? ir dešiniosios ?pjovos sienel? padalijama ? kvadratinius 20 mm kraštin?s dydžio baigtinius elementus. Likusioji sijos modelio dalis dalijama ? 50 mm orientacinio, bet adaptyvaus dydžio baigtinius elementus. 2. Sijos skaitin? analiz? ir rezultatai Atliekama analiz? susideda iš dviej? etap?. Pirmasis etapas – elemento savojo svorio ?vertinimas. Šis etapas yra skai?iuojamas Niutono–Rhapsono žingsniu apkrovos kontrol?s metodu. Antruoju etapu didinama išorin? apkrova, skai?iuojant arkos ilgio kontrol?s metodu, kol elementas suyra. Atlikus netiesin? analiz? nustatyta, kad suirimas vyksta ?strižajame pj?vyje, prasidedan?iame nuo vidinio ?pjovos kampo (6 pav.). Maksimali pasiekta apkrova suirimo metu F = 328,37 kN. Vadinasi, skersin? laikomoji galia 7 paveikslas. Skaitinio modelio deformacijos ir pleiš?jimas armat?r? ?tempus 1000 MPa Figure 7. Deformations and cracking of the numerical model when the reinforcement is tensioned to 1000 MPa 270 264,56 265 262,03 Laikomoji galia, kN 1700 1700 V= F? = 328,37 ? = 264,56 kN. 260 2110 2110 255,40 255 Nusta?ius sijos atraminio mazgo laikom?j? gali? ne?tempus armat?ros, toliau atlikta analiz? armat?ros lynus 250 247,62 ?tempiant skirtingu intensyvumu: 100 MPa, 400 MPa, 700 MPa, 1000 MPa ir 1300 MPa. Gauti rezultatai patei245 242,29 241,25 kiami 7 pav. išreiškiant laikomosios galios ir skerspj?vio 240 apspaudimo santykio scp/fc priklausomybe: scp – vidutiniai ?tempiai nagrin?jamame skerspj?vyje sukeliami iš 235 0,00 % 5,00 % 10,00 % 15,00 % 20,00 % 25,00 % 30,00 % 35,00 % 40,00 % anksto ?temptos armat?ros apspaudimo j?gos; fc – betono sigma_cp/f_c gniuždomasis stipris. Sijos su ?tempta armat?ra tipin?s deformacijos ir pleiš?jimas pavaizduoti 7 pav. 8 paveikslas. Laikomosios galios priklausomyb? Nustatyta, kad, did?jant armat?ros ?tempimui, maž?nuo scp/fc santykio ja mazgo laikomoji galia. Galia iki 26,50 % scp/fc maž?ja Figure 8. Bearing capacity in relation to scp/fc ratio pagal beveik tiesin? priklausomyb?. Pasiekus atitinkam? scp/fc santykio reikšm?, armat?ros ?tempimo ?taka sumaž?ja. Toliau laikomoji galia maž?ja nežymiai. Kai armat?ra ? scp ? ?cw = ? 1 + (8) ? , kai 0 < scp < 0,25 fcd ; ?tempiama iki 1300 MPa (paskutinis kreiv?s taškas), mazgo ? fcd ?? ? laikomoji galia lygi 241,25 kN, ta?iau kai armat?ra ne?tem= ?cw 1,25, kai 0,25 fcd < scp < 0,5 fcd ; (9) piama, galia 9,67 % didesn? – 264,56 kN (8 pav.). 9 pav. pateikiami rezultatai nurodant laikomosios ga? scp ? lios poky?io ir skerspj?vio apspaudimo santykio scp/fc ?cw = 2,5 ? 1 ? ? , kai 0,5 fcd < scp < 1,0 fcd , (10) ? fcd ?? priklausomyb?. Skaitinio modelio rezultatai lyginami su ? Eurokodo 2 (toliau – EC2) ?strižojo pj?vio laikomosios ga?ia ?cw – koeficientas, ?vertinantis ?tempi? b?vio ?tak? skerlios skai?iavimo metodo rezultatais. Armat?ros ?tempimo sinei galiai; scp – per vis? skerspj?v? suvidurkinti ?tempiai ?taka ?vertinama pagal tris skirtingo apspaudimo dydžio nuo ašin?s j?gos. Jie yra teigiami, kai skerspj?vis gniuždointervalus (EN 1992-1-1 6.11 aN, bN, cN formul?s): mas; fcd – skai?iuotinis betono gniuždomasis stipris. Skaitinio modelio elgsena iš dalies atitinka EC2 skai?iavim? priklausomyb?, nes matomas atvirkš?iai proporcingas laikomosios galios maž?jimas did?jant scp/fc santykiui. Pasiekus 25 % scp/fc reikšm?, laikomoji galia nebekinta. Esminis skirtumas tarp skaitinio modelio ir analitini? skai?iavim? tas, kad skai?iuojant pagal EC2, laikomoji galia nuo apspaudimo maž?ja labiau. Šis maž?jimas priklauso nuo armat?ros lyn? ?tempimo intensyvumo. Tyrime analizuojamai konkre?iai atraminio mazgo su ?pjova konfig?racijai fiksuojamas iki 9,67 % laikomosios galios sumaž?jimas. Taigi, galima teigti, kad iš anksto ?temptos armat?ros apspaudimo j?ga daro didel? ?taka 6 paveikslas. Skaitinio modelio deformacijos ir pleiš?jimas Figure 6. Deformations and cracking of the numerical model laikomosios galios maž?jimui. 4 Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis / Science – Future of Lithuania, 2023, 15, Article ID: mla.2023.17031 0,00 % DIANA FEA BV. (2015b). Tensile behavior. https://manuals.dianafea.com/d96/MatLib/node84.html European Committee for Standardization. (2004). Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings (EN 1992-1-1). https://www.phd.eng.br/ wp-content/uploads/2015/12/en.1992.1.1.2004.pdf Hamoudi, A. A., & Phang, M. K. S. (1974). Shear strength of post-tensioned daps in prestressed concrete beams. Journal of the Structural Division, 100(12), 2403–2418. https://doi.org/10.1061/jsdeag.0003946 Lu, W. Y., Lin, I. J., Hwang, S. J., & Lin, Y. H. (2003). Shear strength of high?strength concrete dapped?end beams. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, 26(5), 671–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2003.9670820 Mattock, A. H., & Chan, T. C. (1979). Design and behavior of dapped-end beams. PCI Journal, 24(6), 28–45. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.11011979.28.45 Mattock, A. H., & Theryo, T. S. (1986). Strength of precast prestressed concrete members with dapped ends. PCI Journal, 31(5), 58–75. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09011986.58.75 Moreno-Martínez, J. Y., & Meli, R. (2014). Experimental study on the structural behavior of concrete dapped-end beams. Engineering Structures, 75, 152–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.05.051 Nanni, A., & Huang, P.-C. (2002). Validation of an alternative reinforcing detail for the dapped ends of prestressed double tees. PCI Journal, 47(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01012002.38.49 Valivonis, J., Jonaitis, B., Zavalis, R., Skuturna, T., & Šneideris, A. (2014). Flexural capacity and stiffness of monolithic biaxial hollow slabs. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(5), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.917122 Werner, M. P., & Dilger, W. H. (1973). Shear design of prestressed concrete stepped beams. PCI Journal, 18(4), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.07011973.37.49 –0,97 % –3,59 % –5,00 % –6,84 % –5,00 % –9,19 % –10,00 % –9,67 % Galios pokytis, % –10,00 % –15,00 % –15,00 % –20,00 % –20,00 % –25,00 %–25,00 %–25,00 % –25,00 % –30,00 % 0,00 % 5,00 % 10,00 % 15,00 % 20,00 % 25,00 % 30,00 % 35,00 % 40,00 % sigma_cp/f_c DIANA FEA skaitinis modelis EC2 analitiniai skai?iavimai 9 paveikslas. Laikomosios galios poky?io priklausomyb? nuo scp/fc santykio Figure 9. Reduction of the bearing capacity in relation to scp/fc ratio Išvados 1. Atlikus skaitin? analiz? nustatyta, kad iš anksto ?temptos armat?ros apspaudimas sukelia tempiamuosius ?tempius vidiniame ?pjovos kampe, kaip ir aprašoma literat?roje. 2. Kai ?tempta armat?ra apspaudžia ?pjovos krašt?, sukeliami tempiamieji ?tempiai mažina ne tik ?pjovos vidinio kampo atsparum? pleiš?jimui, bet ir smarkiai sumažina atraminio mazgo laikom?j? gali?. 3. Nustatyta, kad laikomosios galios maž?jimas priklauso nuo lyn? ?tempimo intensyvumo. Nagrin?jamai situacijai skaitinio modelio laikomoji galia gali sumaž?ti per apytiksliai 10 %. Analitiniais EC2 skai?iavimais, laikomoji galia sumaž?ja labiau – 25 %. 4. Jeigu projektuojant sijas su ?pjova naudojama iš anksto ?tempta armat?ra, rekomenduojama didesn? dal? armat?ros lyn? prat?sti iki sijos galo virš ?pjovos. 5. Jeigu n?ra galimyb?s ?temptos armat?ros lynus išd?styti sijos gale virš ?pjovos arba lynai neprat?siami d?l kit? priežas?i?, reikia ?vertinti laikomosios galios maž?jim? ir taikyti priemones vidinio ?pjovos kampo pleiš?jimui riboti. ANALYSIS OF REINFORCEMENT PRESTRESSING IMPACT ON THE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE DAPPED-ENDS V. Mas?nas Abstract The article analyzes a prestressed reinforced concrete dapped-end beam of a rectangular cross-section. The negative effect of reinforcement prestressing on the bearing capacity of the dapped-end is analyzed. The numerical beam model is made based on an experiment and a nonlinear analysis is performed using the DIANA FEA software package to determine the effect of different intensity of reinforcement prestressing on the bearing capacity of the dapped-end beam. The results are compared with analytical calculations and the behavior described in the literature. The prestressing of the reinforcement is shown to reduce the bearing capacity of the dapped-end when tensioned reinforcement is not extended to the end of the beam above the notch. The load capacity of the numerical model is reduced by 9.67% and reduced by 25% based on analytical calculations. When designing dapped-end beams, it is necessary to assess the effect of reinforcement prestressing on the bearing capacity and cracking. Literat?ra Al-Khazraji, S. D. M. (2014). Response of dapped-end prestressed concrete girders to static and impact loads [PhD thesis]. University of Baghdad, Iraq. Aswin, M., Mohammed, B. S., Liew, M. S., & Syed, Z. I. (2015). Root cause of reinforced concrete dapped-end beams failure. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 10(22), 42927–42933. Brinkley, F. M. (2013). Behavior of prestressed, precast concrete thin-stemmed members with dapped ends [M.Sc. thesis]. North Carolina State University, USA. DIANA FEA BV. (2015a). Compressive behavior. https://manuals. dianafea.com/d100/MatLib/node328.html Keywords: prestressed reinforced concrete, dapped-end beam, half-joint, nonlinear analysis, numerical analysis, numerical model, precast reinforced concrete beam. 5 © 2023. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Psychological Medicine www.cambridge.org/psm Probabalistic reinforcement learning impairments predict negative symptom severity and risk for conversion in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis Original Article Cite this article: Luther, L., Raugh, I. M., & Strauss, G. P. (2025). Probabalistic reinforcement learning impairments predict negative symptom severity and risk for conversion in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 55, e28, 1–10 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724003416 Received: 24 March 2024 Revised: 20 November 2024 Accepted: 01 December 2024 Keywords: anhedonia; asociality; attenuated psychosis syndrome; avolition; reward learning; ultra-high-risk Corresponding author: Gregory P. Strauss; Email: gstrauss@uga.edu Lauren Luther1,2, Ian M. Raugh2,3 and Gregory P. Strauss2 1 Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; 2Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA and 3Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada Abstract Background. Elucidation of transphasic mechanisms (i.e., mechanisms that occur across illness phases) underlying negative symptoms could inform early intervention and prevention efforts and additionally identify treatment targets that could be effective regardless of illness stage. This study examined whether a key reinforcement learning behavioral pattern characterized by reduced difficulty learning from rewards that have been found to underlie negative symptoms in those with a schizophrenia diagnosis also contributes to negative symptoms in those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. Methods. CHR youth (n = 46) and 51 healthy controls (CN) completed an explicit reinforcement learning task with two phases. During the acquisition phase, participants learned to select between pairs of stimuli probabilistically reinforced with feedback indicating receipt of monetary gains or avoidance of losses. Following training, the transfer phase required participants to select betwe
READ MORE >>