Description Please, use the attached document as a guide to make corrections on the attached prospectus. UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 1 Be sure to indicate your name, your chair name, and SCM. Always update the date to the date of your submission. Title • • • 15 words maximum Be sure your title includes or reflects in some way the following: (1) social problem of concern, (2) population you will explore the problem with, and/or (3) key concepts relevant to the focus of the study. Note: Form and Style does not want you to use specific terms referring to the methodology (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods or words such as method, results, study of, investigation of.). However, you should use language that infers a particular method (i.e., the terms correlate or relationship suggest a quantitative design and explore or describe typically suggest a qualitative design). Supporting Literature • • • • • • Using Walden’s library databases, identify a minimum of 4 databases with 2 being social work specific and 2 from other disciplines such as psychology, nursing, education, etc. Google Scholar is acceptable. Be sure to click on Database A-Z. It will bring you to all the different databases at Walden’s library. The literature you use should be directly relevant to your study and should be within the last 5 years (unless there is a classic study that will be the foundation of your study, e.g., ACES study). It is expected that you will be comprehensive with the key search terms you use. Be sure the keywords you use touch on the social problem, population, methodology, theory, key concepts/variables to your study. Keep to only 10 annotations of supporting literature (no more and no less). At least one reference entry and annotation MUST be for the theory you have selected. The annotations must follow the a-d elements. Do not use a matrix for this section. Annotations/summaries must be in paragraph form. (a) Should simply be the in-text citation – e.g., Davis (2017) or Parker et al. (2020). (b) Should be no more than 2 sentences about what was studied. (c) Should be no more than 2 sentences about what was found. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 2 • (d) Should be no more than 1 sentence on about how the article is beneficial to your understanding about your topic. Item d is not simply a restatement that the article is about your topic, but it describes how the article relates and what it adds to your understanding of the gap, methodology, theory, etc. o For example, “(d) This article helps to establish that emotional abuse is higher among non-Hispanic Whites (Jones & Smith, 2023). Or “(d) This article is helpful because the author recommended that future studies should explore parental burnout in child abuse, and therefore, I will be including this in my predictor variables for my study.” Problem Social Problem • Should be no more than 1 paragraph, 7 sentences max. where you describe the underlying social problem of your study. Fewer sentences are fine if they include these key elements and clearly describe your problem. If you are not clear about the definition of a social problem, click on the hyperlink in the prospectus form. (a) In 1 sentence, identify the social problem. (b) Using at least 1-2 sentences, describe the scope or prevalence of the social problem (this usually involves statistics about how "big" the problem is). Be sure to use literature to ground your claims (i.e., citations). (c) In 1-2 sentences, describe the negative consequences of the social problem as it relates to your study population. Be sure to use literature to ground your claims (i.e., citations). Social Problem Exemplar: The situation or issue that prompted me to search the literature is that child sexual trafficking as a form of child maltreatment is an invisible but large problem in the U.S. In 2021, the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (2022) reported that they received 17,200 cases of child sex trafficking. Children who are trafficked for sexual exploitation experience physical and sexual abuse, resulting in long-term psychological trauma (Kokaliari et al., 2019). Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 3 Gap • In no more than 7 sentences, complete this section. Do not simply write one sentence about what you think the gap is. Remember, your readers will not understand how you came to the conclusion that this is the gap. You need to identify what others have explored using supporting literature to identify this, then present your identified gap. (a) In one sentence, complete the following sentence by inserting what the gap is: “Although researchers have investigated this issue, the topic has not been explored in this way ....” (b) In the next 3-5 sentences, synthesize using the 3-4 pieces of empirical literature that you identified in the Supporting Literature section about what is already known related to your topic and study population. (c) Then finish off using one sentence that sets the context or transitions back to the identified gap (i.e., ties everything back to the first sentence of this section). Gap Exemplar QN - Although researchers have investigated this issue, the topic has not been explored in this way: what ecological systems level factors predict child sexual trafficking as a form of child maltreatment. The paucity of prior studies focused on child sex trafficking among the child welfare populations are most likely due to system-wide failures to formally recognize trafficking as a form of child maltreatment (Zar, 2023). It was not until 2014 that federal legislation defined the role of the child welfare system in response to the human trafficking of children. In the arena of child trafficking, there have been studies that have looked at individual-related factors such as the child’s race (Phills & Dong, 2022), meso-related factors such as household characteristics (Dank et al. 2021), exo-factors such as urban vs. rural residential settings (Feeng et al., 2018), and macro related factors such as providers’ attitudes about child trafficking (Guille, 2019). However, the perspective of child sex trafficking as a form child maltreatment is a new perspective, and it is not clear if there are a set of unique systems-level factors that predict child sex trafficking as a form of child maltreatment. QL - Although researchers have investigated this issue, the topic has not been explored in this way: by focusing on the experiences of child welfare workers when addressing ecological systems level factors while intervening in child sexual trafficking from a child maltreatment perspective. The paucity of prior studies focused on child sex trafficking among the child welfare populations are most likely due to system-wide failures to formally recognize trafficking as a form of child maltreatment (Zar, 2023). It was not until 2014 that federal legislation defined the role of the child welfare system in response to the human trafficking of children. In the arena of child trafficking, there have been studies that have looked at Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 4 individual-related factors such as the child’s race (Phills & Dong, 2022), meso-related factors such as household characteristics (Dank et al. 2021), exo-factors such as urban vs. rural residential settings (Feeng et al., 2018), and macro related factors such as providers’ attitudes about child trafficking (Guille, 2019). However, child sex trafficking as a form child maltreatment is a new perspective, and it is not clear what the experiences of child welfare workers are when addressing the micro, meso, exo, macro-level, and chrono-related factors as they intervene in child sex trafficking from a child maltreatment perspective. Adapted from: Branscum, C., & Richards, T. N. (2023). The wrong rite of passage: Comparing sex trafficking to other types of child maltreatment using the national child abuse and neglect data system (NCANDS). Victims & Offenders, 18(3), 399–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2022.2131021 Review the following resources: Crafting a Gap Statement for the Prospectus Form Part 1 Crafting a Gap Statement for the Prospectus Form Part 2 Research Problem • In one sentence, restate the gap which is the research problem. Remember, for DSW students, this is a social work practice gap and for PhD social work students, this is a knowledge or research gap. Be sure that your one sentence is aligned (consistent) with what you indicated in the first sentence in the gap section about the gap. Research Problem Exemplar QN - The specific research problem (or specific social work practice-focused research problem) that will be addressed through this study is: the micro, meso, exo, macro-level, and chrono-related factors that predict child sexual trafficking as a form of child maltreatment. QL - The specific research problem (or specific social work practice-focused research problem) that will be addressed through this study is to explore the experiences of child welfare social workers in addressing the micro, meso, exo, macro-level, and chrono-related factors when intervening in child sex trafficking from a child maltreatment perspective. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 5 Purpose • • • Indicate the purpose in 1 sentence. This sentence should be succinct, and clearly reflects the problem of concern, target population to be surveyed/interviewed, any key concepts/variables to be explored/examined in your study and the study method. Remember, why you are conducting this study -- it is to fill a practice or knowledge gap. Therefore, go back to the research problem and state it as a purpose statement. This purpose statement always includes: (1) research design, (2) concepts/variables to be examined, and (3) the study population. Note: Here is a “formula” for writing the purpose statement: The purpose of this _____ (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) study is to (understand, describe, develop, discover) the _____ (central focus for the study) for _____ (the unit of analysis, person, processes, groups, site). Purpose Exemplar QN - The purpose of this quantitative study is to examine the extent to which micro related ss (i.e., substance use, running away, disability), meso related factor (i.e., living residence), exorelated factors (i.e., rural/urban location), macro-related factors (i.e., professional attitudes towards sex abuse and child trafficking), and chrono-related factors (i.e., early child adversities) predict being a victim of child sex trafficking among children under the age of 18 years in the U.S. QL – The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore child welfare workers’ experiences in addressing the micro related factors (i.e., substance use, running away, disability), meso related factors (i.e., living residence), exo-related factors (i.e., rural/urban location), macrorelated factors (i.e., professional attitudes towards sex abuse and child trafficking), and chrono-related factors (i.e., early child adversities) when working with victims of child sex trafficking under the age of 18 years in the U.S. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 6 Framework (Conceptual or Theoretical) Name of Theory or Conceptual Framework • • • In one sentence, identify the name of the ONE theory and the original author of the theory. In one sentence provide a brief summary of the major constructs or assumptions of the theory. What does the theory argue or posit? Provide the reference entry citation for the theory. Note: the reference entry along with an “a-d” annotation MUST be included in the Supporting Literature section. Theory Exemplar The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory, which focuses on behaviors, problems, and development that is shaped by microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chrono system factors. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Logical Connection • • Explain in no more than 4 sentences how the assumptions of the theory or conceptual framework connect or tie to the concepts/variables in the research questions and/or interview questions or instruments. HINT: The best way to do this is to look for empirical articles that have used your theory with your topic or populations and review how they described the logical connection. Logical Connection Exemplar QN - The logical connections between the framework presented and the nature of my study include variables in my study representing each of the systems levels. For example, the following variables: substance use, running away, and disability will represent micro-related factors, the variable “living residence” will represent the meso-related factors, the variable “rural/urban location” will represent exo-related factors, the variable “professional attitudes toward sex abuse and child trafficking” will represent macro-related factors, and the variable “early childhood adversities” will represent chrono-related factors. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 7 QL - The logical connections between the framework presented and the nature of my study include concepts in my study representing each of the systems levels. For example, the following concepts: substance use, running away, and disability will represent micro-related factors, the variable “living residence” will represent the meso-related factors, the variable “rural/urban location” will represent exo-related factors, the variable “professional attitudes toward sex abuse and child trafficking” will represent macro-related factors, and the variable “early childhood adversities” will represent a chrono-related factors. Review the following resource: Theories: At the Front Seat Driving the Research Study. Research Questions • • • • Identify the research question(s) for your research study. (Research questions are NOT interview questions). You are not limited to only 1 research question. Remember, the research question(s) should align with the purpose of the study, which should also be connected to your identified gap statement. Avoid double-barreled research questions which are two or more questions embedded into one question. NOTE: Here are two examples of double-barreled research questions: Example Qualitative: What do social workers describe as their experiences with case management with homeless persons and how they view other person-centered interventions? Example Quantitative: What is the extent to which poverty affects mental health outcomes in youth and how they access mental health services? • • • Avoid yes/no formatted research questions. Remember, your research questions should be aligned with the theory. In other words, the concepts or variables in your research questions should be aligned or consistent with the main assumptions of the theory. For quantitative research questions, there should be corresponding research and null hypotheses. This may also be the case for the quantitative portion of the mixed methods design. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 8 Research Question Exemplar QN - To what extent do micro related factors (i.e., substance use, running away, disability), meso related factors (i.e., living residence), exo-related factors (i.e., rural/urban location), macro-related factors (i.e., professional attitudes towards sex abuse and child trafficking), and chrono-related factors (i.e., early child adversities) predict being a victim of child sex trafficking among children under the age of 18 years in the U.S.? QL – How do child welfare workers describe their experiences in addressing the micro related factors (i.e., substance use, running away, disability), meso related factors (i.e., living residence), exo-related factors (i.e., rural/urban location), macro-related factors (i.e., professional attitudes towards sex abuse and child trafficking), and chrono-related factors (i.e., early child adversities) when working with victims of child sex trafficking. Review the following resource: A Quick Guide to Crafting Research Questions. Nature of the Study Approach/Method • • • • • • Identify the research design (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, or for PhD only, mixed methods) Identify the specific qualitative (QL), quantitative (QN), or for PhD only, mixed methods strategy. o DSW students' ONLY options are QL-action research, case study, program evaluation, or generic, also called basic qualitative; QN-survey research that uses validated instrument(s) only. Provide a 1 sentence rationale as to why this design is appropriate for your study. Provide 1 relevant citation for the specific strategy (i.e., generic, case study, correlational survey, etc.). Remember that the design and method must be aligned with your research question(s) and purpose statement. Remember that you MUST provide a reference entry in this section for the work on which your research design is based. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 9 Type of Data/Instruments • In 1-2 sentences, explain the type of data. For qualitative research, types of data might include interviews, focus groups, observations, newspaper accounts, visual data in the form of images, film, etc. For quantitative research, be sure to identify data sources such as surveys, secondary data, etc. Furthermore, identify all the previously developed validated instruments that will operationally define your variables. Data Sources and Analysis • • In 1-2 sentences, describe who your participants will be, type of sampling you will use (e.g., purposive, snowball, random, etc.) and how you plan to recruit your participants (e.g., email, social media, direct contact, flyers, etc.). If using secondary data, in 1-2 sentences, describe the secondary dataset you are planning to use to conduct your secondary research. (PhD students only) Review the following resource: Research Skills Modules. Barriers/Challenges/Limitations In 1-2 sentences identify one potential barrier, challenge, or study limitations. This should be beyond challenges with participant recruitment or sample size. Consider your proposed study and how you plan to address this issue in your study. NOTE: While you do not have to state how you plan to address the identified barrier, challenge or study limitation here, it is important to find empirical research to support how you plan to address your identified barrier(s)/challenge(s)/limitation(s)because you will be required to discuss this at the proposal stage. Significance • • • In 1-2 sentences describe how your study may fill the gap (practice or research) you identified. This must relate back to the focus and identified gap of your study. In 1-2 sentences describe how your study’s potential findings might contribute to social work research/practice. Remember to think about your potential findings and how it could impact social work practice, policy, or service delivery, and positive social change. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs Approved Elements for Each Section of the DSW and PhD Social Work Prospectus Form 10 • • Do not use declarative language like “will.” Since you do not know exactly what impact your findings may have, it is recommended that you use verbs or terms such as: “potential,” “may,” and/or “could.” Avoid overreaching. Do not make claims about your study that are beyond the scope of what you are actually studying. Review the worksheets to help you think about the potential significance of your study. Research Alignment Table • • • Do not forget to complete the table. The information in this table should be consistent with the information in the sections above this section in the prospectus form. In the 4th column, if you are using interviews, draft some interview questions so that your committee members can get a sense what you are planning to ask and if the interview questions align with the research question(s) and the proposed theory/conceptual framework. Barbara Solomon School of Social Work Doctoral Social Work Programs PhD Prospectus Form Students | Complete your doctoral prospectus within this form. Write your responses in the white spaces using a scholarly tone and include in-text citations and APA reference entries, where appropriate. You can click on underlined terms and headings for descriptions, resource links, and examples located in the Appendix. For additional prospectus information and resources, refer to the Doctoral Research Coach. Complete the Research Design Alignment Table within this form using the information from earlier sections and self-assess your research design alignment. Submit this completed form into MyDR for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so. Student’s Name | [] Student ID | [] Program and Specialization* | [] Submission Date | [09/11/2024] *Remember that your study focus must be within the realm of your program and specialization area. Evaluators Only | Complete this section and provide feedback on responses and rubric scores in the form where noted. Committee Chairperson Name: [] Second Committee Member Name: [] PhD Program Director: Click or tap here to enter text. Overall Assessment: Revisions Not Needed Overall Assessment: Choose score. Overall Assessment: Choose score. Title In 12 words or less, what is the working title for this study? Include the topic, variables/concepts and relationship between them, and the most critical key words. Post-Incarceration Reintegration Challenges of African American Men Exonerees in Kansas City Metro: A Lived Experience. Supporting Literature The first step in developing your prospectus is to search the literature related to the general area you want to investigate (see social problem below). In your review of recent, empirical literature, what keywords did you search and in what databases? The keywords and databases searched included: African American Men Exonerees, Post-Incarceration reintegration assistance, Mental Health African American Men, community integration, stigma, employment, economic challenges, education, family support, community support, legal support, social services support, Critical Race Theory, intersectionality theory, and wrongful convictions in the databases Google Scholar, American Psychological Association, PsycNet, Wiley Online Library, and Sage Publications. Provide at least 10 brief summaries of recent, scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles that support/justify a current and relevant problem in your discipline or professional field. Source(s) supporting your framework should be included. Include the complete, APA reference entry, followed by (a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found; and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the justification for your research problem. Addison, H. A., Richmond, T. S., Lewis, L. M., & Jacoby, S. (2022). Mental health outcomes in formerly incarcerated Black men: A systematic mixed studies review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(7), 1851-1869. (a) Addison et al. (2022); (b) Examined mental health outcomes and contributing factors in formerly incarcerated Black men; (c) Found significantly higher levels of psychological distress, depression, and PTSD, with systemic factors and reintegration challenges playing a role; (d) Important for my study because it provides insights into specific challenges influencing mental health outcomes among formerly incarcerated Black men. Arnoud, T. D. C. J., Chotgues, J. D. O., Marques, S. S., & Habigzang, L. F. (2023). Intersectionality theory, challenges for empirical research and contributions to psychology. Paidéia (ribeirão Preto), 33, e3327. (a) Arnoud et al. (2023) (b) discuss applying Intersectionality Theory in psychology research (c). They acknowledge the challenges of incorporating this theory into research designs, but also emphasize its value in understanding how social identities like race and gender interact and influence experiences (d). the Intersectionality Theory will help understand how race and gender shape experiences, which is crucial for my study of exonerated African American men. Brooks, S. K., & Greenberg, N. (2021). Psychological impact of being wrongfully accused of criminal offences: A systematic literature review. Medicine, Science and the Law, 61(1), 44-54. (a) Brooks and Greenberg (2021); (b) Explored the psychological consequences of wrongful accusations; (c) Found that the severity of psychological impact depends on factors such as the nature of the accusation, length of investigation, treatment by authorities, and social support; (d) This study is relevant to my research as it highligfhts the profound and varied psychological consequences of false accusations, emphasizing the importance of a supportive and sensitive approach for individuals in similar situations. Cho, S., Crenshaw, K. W., & McCall, L. (2013). Toward a field of intersectionality studies: Theory, applications, and praxis. Signs: Journal of women in culture and society, 38(4), 785-810. (a) Cho et al. (2013). (b) Highlight the theoretical, practical, and praxis-oriented dimensions of intersectionality; (c) The authors argue that intersectionality should be recognized as a standalone field, emphasizing its applications, discursive debates, and political interventions; (d) This article is valuable in my research as it provides a foundational understanding of the theoretical aspects of intersectionality studies, offering insights into how the framework has potential applications in examining the lived experiences of Black men, post-wrongful convictions. Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2023). Critical race theory: An introduction (Vol. 87). NyU press. (a) Delgado & Stefanic (2023); (b) highlight and analyze the Critical race theory (CRT) within the criminal justice framework (c) revealing that CRT is a framework of legal analysis and an intellectual movement that argues that racism is systemic and embedded in the foundations of American society, including legal institutions and policies (d) this book is useful in my research because it provides a comprehensive understanding of CRT, forming the theoretical foundation for examining African American men experiences with wrongful convictions, reintegration challenges, and mental health issues. Faison, L., Smalarz, L., Madon, S., & Clow, K. A. (2023). The stigma of wrongful conviction differs for White and Black exonerees. Law and human behavior, 47(1), 137. (a) Faison et al. (2023); (b) Explored the impact of wrongful conviction stigma on Black and White exonerees, (c) Challenged traditional assumptions by highlighting the complex racial dynamics in public perceptions of exonerees, indicating the need for further research and systemic change to address racial disparities in the justice system; (d) This study is crucial to my research because it provides insights into diverse societal attitudes toward wrongfully convicted individuals based on race. Gross, S. R., Possley, M., Otterbourg, K., Stephens, K., Paredes, J., & O'Brien, B. (2022). Race and wrongful convictions in the United States 2022. Available at SSRN 4245863. (a) Gross et al. (2022); (b) Examined racial disparities in wrongful convictions in the U.S.; (c) Found Black Americans face a disproportionate burden, being seven times more likely to be wrongly convicted of serious crimes compared to white Americans, including police misconduct and implicit bias (d) This report is significant to my research because it provides data-driven evidence highlighting the urgent need for systemic reforms in the criminal justice system to address racial bias, prevent wrongful convictions, and ensure fair and equal treatment for all. Itskovich, E., Factor, R., & Ohana, D. (2023). Haven't they suffered enough? Time to exoneration following wrongful conviction of racially marginalized minority-vs. majority-group members. Punishment & Society, 14624745221148318. (a) Itskovich et al. (2023); (b) Investigated differences in time to exoneration for racially marginalized minority and majority groups in the U.S., revealing that; (c) Found minority group members served a larger percentage of their sentence before exoneration, with an 8.55% greater proportion compared to white exonerees, suggesting potential factors such as political bias, resource disparities, and differential public perceptions; (d) This study is relevant to my research as it highlights potential systemic biases within the legal system. Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau Anderson, C. (2018). Where are We? Critical Race Theory in Education 20 Years Later. Peabody Journal of Education, 93(1), 121– 131. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2017.1403194 (a) Critical Race Theory (CRT) pertains to the framework or way of looking at how racism is rooted in the society's laws, social systems and structures, which makes it an interdisciplinary model that investigate the relations and interconnectedness of race, power, and law. This theory highlights the factor of race in societal conditions because it explores how race is connected to other social categories like social class, gender, inequalities, and discrimination. This theory aims to identify and address the social biases regarding race so that it would result to a more fair and inclusive society. It also advocates historical understanding and knowledge of institutional racism that is important in solving social disparities. Jordan, K. A. (2021). Critical race theory, wrongful convictions and disparate exonerations of minority and White youths in the United States. Journal of Mental Health & Social Behavior, 3(2), 148. (a) Jordan (2021); (b) Explored the use of Critical Race Theory (CRT) to explain disparate rates of wrongful convictions and exonerations of minority and white youths (c) revealing that Black youths are four times more likely to be wrongfully convicted than white youths due to systemic racism, racial profiling, implicit bias, and unequal access to legal resources; (d) This study is pertinent to my research because it highlights the role of systemic racism in shaping disparities in the U.S. criminal justice system. Kukucka, J., Horodyski, A. M., & Dardis, C. M. (2022). The Exoneree Health and Life Experiences (ExHaLE) study: Trauma exposure and mental health among wrongly convicted individuals. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. (a) Kukucka et al. (2022); (b) Investigated mental health and trauma exposure among exonerees in the U.S.; (c) found a high prevalence of trauma (80%) and significant mental health conditions, with 48-52% meeting criteria for probable PTSD and 51% for major depressive disorder; (d) This study is relevant to my research as it underscores the need for comprehensive, trauma-informed support systems for exonerees. White, J. J., Zaller, N. D., Fernandez, M. I., Spikes, P., Flores, S., Latkin, C. A., & Yang, C. (2022). Recent incarceration and other correlates of psychological distress among African American and Latino men who have sex with men. Community mental health journal, 58(4), 624-632. (a) White et al. (2022); (b) Examined the link between recent incarceration and psychological distress among African American and Latino men who have sex with men, (c) found that recent incarceration is associated with a higher likelihood of mild or severe psychological distress; (d) The article is significant because it denotes the importance of targeted mental health and HIV prevention services for AAMSM and LMSM with recent incarceration history. Williams, J. M., Wilson, S. K., & Bergeson, C. (2019). “It’s hard out here if you’re a Black felon”: A critical examination of Black male reentry.
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