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Description Please follow the guidelines in the attachment. The reporting procedures are included in the attachment for the thermodynamics lab. Please also complete all questions and graph. I have included the data as well. Thank you!

Description Please use the attachments to complete the lab report template which is also attached. All details for experiment and data/info are included in the attachments.

Description Please answer it in Detail

Description Unit IV Article Review For this assignment, you are required to read the article entitled “HazMat Emergencies: Decontamination and Victim Chain of Survival,” by Gunderson, Helikson, and Heffner (2014), and write a review. The article may be found in the Academic Search Complete database in the CSU Online Library. Your review must include the following: ?Summarize the key points presented in the article. ?Describe the key elements of a solid emergency response program. ?Discuss why proper decontamination of victims isimportant. ?Discuss your opinion or what you can conclude from the article. Your response must be at least 800 words in length. All sources used, including this article, must be referenced. Paraphrased and/or quoted materials must have accompanying in-text and reference citations in APA format. No plagiarism.

Description Modeling Molecules Introduction: You can represent a molecule two-dimensionally, as a structural formula or electron dot structure. Although such models are useful in certain contexts, they do not accurately represent bond angles between atoms or shapes of molecules. In this activity, you will construct three-dimensional models of several molecules. You will use electron dot structures and structural formulas to inform how you construct the three-dimensional models. Materials: jelly beans, gum drops or gumballs; toothpicks; twist ties; colored pencils or crayons Procedure: Identify the chemical and structural formulas and electron dot structures of the following molecules: water, ammonia, carbon dioxide, fluorine, methane, ethane Write the formulas and draw the two-dimensional structures in the table. Chose one color candy to represent each atom of an element (e.g., red jelly bean = hydrogen). Create a key that identifies each element. Use the candy, toothpicks, and/or twist ties to construct a three- dimensional model of each of the aforementioned molecules. Draw, as accurately as possible, each model in the table. Answer the questions. modeling molecules table  Questions: Compare the information provided by a molecules chemical formula to the information provided by its structural formula. Fluorine is a toxic, reactive gas. Which representation (structural formula, electron dot structure, or three-dimensional model) would you use to explain why fluorine so reactive? Why? Identify the bond types between the carbon and the two oxygen atoms in the carbon dioxide molecule. Explain why it is difficult to accurately represent ammonia two- dimensionally. What is the major difference between the two-dimensional and three- dimensional models of ethane and methane? When might you choose to use a two-dimensional model rather than a three-dimensional model when representing one of the molecules? 

Description Describe in a single sentence the experiment that you carried out; making sure that the title is fully descriptive of the exercise you carried out. Aim/Objectives/Hypothesis Provide sufficient background information to orient the reader to the laboratory exercise. Then, describe in a couple of sentences the aim(s) of the experiment. Please don’t restate what you did; however, mention WHY you did it. For example, “This lab was performed to assess the effect of sunlight exposure on tomato plants.” Your hypothesis should be an if/then statement. “If tomato plants are given unlimited sunlight, then we would expect them to grow to taller compared to plants that are only exposed to 12 hours of sunlight per day.” Be sure to carefully consider the variables in your experiment when formulating your hypothesis. Methods Describe how you conducted your experiment. The methods section should be a detailed description of the methods you used for investigating your hypothesis (in past tense – you have completed the experiment and so should be written as past tense). It should include a description of any equipment used, the timing of your experiments, the protocol for your experiments, etc. You need to include enough detail that another scientist could replicate your experiments following just the information you provide. Results The results section will include any observations made, data collected, etc. You should both describe the observations, data, etc. in words, and include graphs, photographs, and/or figures to enhance your results section. The narrative part of this section should be brief. Concisely state the experimental results that you obtained. Do not restate the methods used. Start with an overview statement of the general trend in your data and then go into more detail about individual data points, averages, etc. that will present a full picture of your results. You should use the text to describe the patterns, trends, etc. that you observe in your visuals (graphs, figures, etc.) and draw the reader's attention to these trends. It is helpful to clue the reader into the fact that you're discussing one of your figures by using notations such as "As illustrated in Figure 2…." You should NOT discuss whether or not your results support your hypothesis in the results section; save this assessment for the discussion section of your report. For example, here you would report a trend in the growth of tomato plants, but not what those results mean in terms of your hypothesis (sunlight did or did not help the tomato plants grow taller). Discussion Critically evaluate the results & discuss their significance. The discussion section should begin with a discussion of how/if your results support or reject your hypothesis. Following this sentence, you should discuss the major results of the experiment/investigation and go into more detail about how these results support, reject, or modify your original hypothesis. Present a rational analysis of your results. The idea is not to summarize your results (you should have already done that in the previous results section), but instead consider reasons underlying your results. What do your results tell you? Did the experiment work as planned? If not, explain why not? Pay particular attention to any positive or negative controls that were used! Were the values observed higher or lower than expected? Did any errors occur, or were there inherent problems in the experimental procedure? Discuss the significance of the experiment. Finish this section with conclusions that “wrap up” your report. Are there any remaining questions? Were there new questions raised by your investigation? What might you have done differently if you had the chance to do the experiment again? Proper citations and references should be used throughout Data Results for this Lab  Data Table 1. Apple Browning Observation (Apple vs Lemon Juice) 3  hours 8 hours 24 hours color moist texture color moist texture color moist texture Control (No Solution) Brown Still Moist Smooth Brown Slightly moist  Wrinkled Brown Dried-out Wrinkled Lemon Juice White Moist Smooth White Moist but soggy Smooth Brown-ish Still Moist/Soggy Smooth

Description p 3 ? Add tap water until 2/3 of the ice is covered. ? Stir vigorously with your stirring rod. 2. Measure 20.0 mL distilled water into a large test tube. 3. Insert a thermometer into the liquid in the large test tube. 4. Insert the test tube into the ice water bath. Make sure the ice bath water level is above the level of the liquid inside the test tube. If it is not, add more ice, salt and water. 5. Record the temperature of the liquid inside the test tube every 30 seconds. 6. Continue to stir until the liquid inside the test tube starts to freeze. When the liquid starts to freeze, do not stir anymore. Be careful not to break the thermometer by stirring it in ice! Mark the temperatures where the liquid starts to freeze. (by an asterisk or highlight or something.) 7. Continue to monitor until the temperature is fairly constant. 8. Record the data on your Report Sheet. 9. When done, remove the large test tube from the ice bath and melt the ice inside with the warmth of your hands or under running water. Lab Technique Tip: Do not remove the thermometer until the liquid inside is melted or your thermometer may break. PART II: Freezing Point of the Solution 1. Weigh 2.0 g of unknown F (a nonelectrolyte.) 2. Record exact weight to 0.01g on your report sheet. 3. Dissolve it in the same 20.0 mL of water inside the large test tube from Part I. 4. Mix well until dissolved. 5. Refresh the ice bath with additional ice or salt. 6. Repeat Part I, steps 3-9.

Description I need help with Lab Report Below. Question #1. In your own words, summarize the goals of this experiment. DATA Question #2. Summarize the procedure used to prepare the standard solutions; that is, what solutions (identities and concentrations) and volumes were combined to prepare the solutions? Calculation #1. Calculate the concentration of HIn in Standard Solution A. Show your work and include units. Calculation #2. Calculate the concentration of In– in Standard Solution B. Show work and label units. Question #3. Complete Report Table 1 below. Report Table 1. Chemical Species Present and Their Concentrations for Standard Solutions A and B standard solution species in solution (HIn or In?) concentration (M) A B Question #4. Record your visual observations of the test tubes in Report Table 2 below. Note the colors of the solutions, and the different degrees of color intensity. Report Table 2. Volumes of Reagents and Observed Colors for Sample Solutions 1-5 and an Unknown Solution of Bromocresol Green solution CH3COOH (mL) CH3COONa (mL) bromocresol green stock solution (NaIn) (mL) observed color of solution Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Unknown Question #5. Use the colors of the solutions to predict which of the Sample Solutions 1-5 will have a pH closest to that of the Unknown solution. Explain your answer. Question #6. Complete Report Table 3 below. Report Table 3. Absorbance and pH data solution absorbance at 442 nm (A442) absorbance at 617 nm (A617) pH Standard A --- Standard B --- Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Unknown Question #7. Which Sample Solution (1 – 5) had a pH closest to the measured pH of the Unknown Solution? Question #8. How do the predicted (by color) and measured pH of the unknown solution compare? DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Calculate Molar Absorptivities of HIn and In– at 442 nm and 617 nm Calculation #3. Use the concentration and absorbance data for Standard Solution A to calculate the molar absorptivity of HIn at 442 nm and at 617 nm (i.e., ?(HIn)442 and ?(HIn)617). Enter your results in Report Table 4 below. Show a sample calculation here. Calculation #4. Use the concentration and absorbance data for Standard Solution B to calculate the molar absorptivity of In? at 423 nm and at 617 nm (i.e., ?(In?)442 and ?(In?)617). Enter your results in Report Table 4 below. Show a sample calculation here. Question #9. Complete Report Table 4 below. Refer to Report Tables 1 and 3, and Calculations #3 and #4 above. Report Table 4. Concentrations, Absorbances, and Molar Absorptivities for Standard Solutions A and B Standard Solution species in solution (HIn or In?) concentration (M) A442 A617 442 617 A B Calculate Concentrations in Sample Solutions 1-5 and in Unknown Solution Use the absorbance data for mixtures of HIn and In– to set up your equations to solve for the concentrations of HIn and In– in each sample solution and the unknown solution. (Review the EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN section for information about how to solve two equations and two unknowns.) Remember that the total absorbance at each wavelength is the sum of the absorbance of HIn and the absorbance of In–. Enter your equations in Question #10 (Report Table 5) below. Question #10. Complete Report Table 5 below. Note: substitute your numerical values for A and ?; the path length of 1.00 cm can be omitted from the equations. Report Table 5. Systems of Equations for Sample Solutions 1-5 and Unknown Solution solution equations general form A442 = ?(HIn)442 x [HIn] + ?(In?)442 x [In?] A617 = ?(HIn)617 x [HIn] + ?(In?)617 x [In?] Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Unknown You must show all your work (including units) for [HIn] and [In?] in Sample Solution 1 in Calculation #5. You may use Wolfram-Alpha or other calculator to do the remaining calculations and/or to check your work. https://www.wolframalpha.com/ Set up your 2 equations and enter them using the following example format: 85x + 12y = 0.623, 6x + 106y = 0.485 (i.e., 2 equations with 2 variables separated by a comma). Click the “=” button. You may search “solve a system of linear equations” for more information. Enter your results for [HIn] and [In?] in Sample Solutions 1-5 and the Unknown in Question #11/Report Table 6. Calculation #5. Sample calculations of [HIn] and [In–] for Sample Solution #1.(Show all work and include units.) Calculate Hydrogen Ion Concentration Calculate the concentration of hydrogen ion, [H+] in those tubes where you measured the pH. Enter your calculation results in Question #11 (Report Table 6 below). Show work for a sample calculation in Calculation #6. Note that the numerical result of a logarithmic function should have the same number of significant figures as the mantissa (i.e., the number to the right of the decimal point in a logarithm). For example, a pH of 1.58 has two significant figures (two digits to the right of the decimal point), and the H+ ion concentration would be expressed as 2.6 x 10?2 M (two significant figures). Calculation #6. Sample calculation of [H+] for Sample Solution #1.(Show all work and include units.) Calculate Values of K Calculate the values of the equilibrium constant, K, for Sample Solutions 1–5 and the Unknown Solution. Show a sample calculation of K for Sample Solution 1 in Calculation #7. Enter results for the remaining solutions in Question 11 (Report Table 6). Calculation #7. Sample calculation of the value of the equilibrium constant, K, in Sample Solution #1.(Show all work.) Question #11. Enter your results from your calculations of [HIn], [In–], and [H+] in Report Table 6 below. Report Table 6. Concentrations and Values for the Equilibrium Constant for Sample Solutions 1-5 and Unknown Solution solution [HIn] [In–] [H+] K (at °C) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Unknown Calculation #8. Calculate your average equilibrium constant (Kave) and the standard deviation of your K values (by using the function =stdev.p(range of K values) in Excel). “The standard deviation is a measure of how widely values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).” Values of K can be considered constant if each K value differs from the average by less than 2 times the standard deviation. Average K = __________ at __________ °C Std. Dev. = _______________ DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS Question #12. Explain whether your experimental data support the hypothesis that the value of the equilibrium constant is a constant at a given temperature. If not, identify possible sources of error in the procedure that might account for the variation. Justify your claims using evidence (i.e., your data). Question #13. Explain why it was necessary to measure the absorbance of each solution at two different wavelengths. Question #14. Suppose the measurements for Sample Solutions 1-5 had each been done at a different temperature. Do you have enough information to be able to predict how the value (magnitude) of the equilibrium constant would have been affected, if at all, in each case? If not, describe what additional information you would need to make such predictions.

Description Not quite sure if my initial request went through but I'm trying to get help for me once again as the first time I reached out to you seems to work very well. I ended up doing amazing on my test.

Description everything is in the file just fill it out and return as a pdf please or you can print out the lab and send me pictures as PDF