Description UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Assignment 1: Learning and Applying Tests of Significanc ...
Description UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Assignment 1: Learning and Applying Tests of Significance Throughout this assignment you will review six mock studies. Follow the step-by-step instructions: a. Mock Studies 1 – 3 require you to enter data from scratch. You need to create a data set for each of the three mock studies by yourself. (Refresh the data entry skill acquired in Week 1.) b. Mock Studies 4 – 6 require you to use the GSS dataset specified in the course. The variables are given in each Mock Study. c. Go through the five steps of hypothesis testing (below) for EVERY mock study. d. All calculations should be coming from your SPSS. You will need to submit the SPSS output file (.spv) to get credit for this assignment. The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows: 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. You only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions. 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” 5. Compare the two and apply the following rule: a. If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) Please make sure your answers are clearly distinguishable. Perhaps you could bold your font or use a different color. This assignment is due no later than Sunday of Week 4 by 11:55 pm ET. Save this Word file in the following format: [your last name_SOCI332_A1]. Your spv (SPSS output) file should be labeled [your last name_SOCI332_A1Output]. 1 t-Tests Mock Study 1: t-Test for Independent Samples (20 points) 1. Six months after an industrial accident, a researcher has been asked to compare the job satisfaction of employees who participated in counseling sessions with those who chose not to participate. The job satisfaction scores for both groups are reported in the table below. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the job satisfaction scores of the group that participated in counseling session are statistically different from the scores of employees who chose not to participate in counseling sessions at .01 level of significance. (Alpha = .01) Clearly list each step of hypothesis testing. As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researcher should recommend counseling as a method to improve job satisfaction following industrial accidents based on evaluation of the null hypothesis. Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below) PARTICIPATED IN COUNSELING 35 39 41 36 37 36 37 39 42 38 DID NOT PARTICIPATE IN COUNSELING 38 36 36 32 30 39 41 35 33 38 The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows: 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). (H1): There is a statistically significant difference in job satisfaction scores between employees who participated in counseling sessions and those who did not participate. (H0): There is no statistically significant difference in job satisfaction scores between employees who participated in counseling sessions and those who did not participate. 2 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. You only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions. Alpha = .01 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” The p-value is under "Sig. (2-tailed)" column for each test. For the test assuming equal variances, the p-value is 0.105. For the test not assuming equal variances, the p-value is 0.108. 5. Compare the two and apply the following rule: a. If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. Both p-values (0.105 and 0.108) are greater than alpha = 0.01. Thus, we fail to reject the null hypothesis for both tests. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) This decision means that we do not have enough evidence to conclude that there is a significant difference in job satisfaction between the two groups. Therefore, we cannot recommend counseling services solely based on this study's findings. 3 Mock Study 2: t- Test for Dependent Means (15 points) 1. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living before and after group therapy. More ADL after therapy is a positive outcome. The researchers randomly selected 10 depressed clients in a 6-week group therapy program. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the observed differences in the numbers of activities of daily living obtained before and after therapy are statistically significant at .05 level of significance. (Alpha = .05) Clearly list each step of hypothesis testing. As part of Step 5, indicate whether the researchers should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based on evaluation of the null hypothesis. Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below) CLIENT A B C D E F G H I J BEFORE THERAPY 11 7 10 13 11 12 9 8 13 12 AFTER THERAPY 16 12 13 20 14 15 15 17 18 9 The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows: 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). (H1): The number of activities of daily living performed by depressed clients will be different after group therapy compared to before therapy. (H0): The number of activities of daily living performed by depressed clients will not be different after group therapy compared to before therapy. 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. You only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions. (Alpha = .05) 4 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” The valid score for comparison is the "Sig. (2-tailed)" score, which is 0.002. 5. Compare the two and apply the following rule: a. If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. The p-value of 0.002 is less than the significance level of 0.05. We reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a statistically significant difference in the number of activities of daily living before and after group therapy. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) The researchers can recommend group therapy for depressed individuals as it has shown to be effective in improving their ability to perform daily activities. 5 Mock Study 3: t-Test for a Single Sample (15 points) 1. Researchers are interested in whether depressed people undergoing group therapy will perform a different number of activities of daily living (ADL) after group therapy than the average for depressed people. More ADL is a positive outcome. The researchers randomly selected 20 depressed clients to undergo a 6-week group therapy program. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the average number of activities of daily living (shown below in the table) obtained after therapy is significantly different from a mean number of activities – 15 – that is typical for depressed people. (Clearly list each step). Clearly list each step of hypothesis testing. As part of Step 5, indicate whether the behavioral scientists should recommend group therapy for all depressed people based on evaluation of the null hypothesis. Data to be entered in SPSS (instructions below) CLIENT A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T AFTER THERAPY ADL 17 14 11 23 24 17 14 10 21 11 22 19 15 17 23 12 10 15 20 18 The five steps of hypothesis testing when using SPSS are as follows: 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0) 6 (H1): The average number of activities of daily living obtained after therapy is significantly different from 15, the mean number of activities typical for depressed people. (H0): The average number of activities of daily living obtained after therapy is not significantly different from 15, the mean number of activities typical for depressed people. 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. You only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions. Significance level (alpha) = 0.05 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” The valid score for comparison is under "Sig. (2-tailed)" and is equal to 0.122. 5. Compare the two and apply the following rule: a. If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. 7 The significance level (alpha) is set at 0.05. Since p > alpha, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) The decision means that there is not enough evidence to conclude that the mean number of activities of daily living after therapy is significantly different from the mean number of activities (15) that is typical for depressed people. It is not possible to recommend group therapy for all depressed people. ANOVA (15 points) Mock study 4: One-Way ANOVA 1. An advertising firm has been hired to assess whether different demographics have different rates of TV watching to help determine their advertising strategy. Using the GSS 2018 data, determine whether hours of tv watched differs by race. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing to determine whether the observed differences in the number of hours watching TV across three groups are statistically significant at .05 level of significance. (Alpha = .05) 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). H1: There is a statistically significant difference in the mean number of hours per day watching TV across the three racial groups. H0: There is no statistically significant difference in the mean number of hours per day watching TV across the three racial groups. 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, alpha = .05 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 8 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” The valid score for comparison is the "Sig." value under the ANOVA table, which is .000. 5. a. Compare the two and apply the following rule: If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. Since the p-value (.000) is less than the alpha level of .05, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a statistically significant difference in the average number of hours per day watching TV across the three racial groups. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) This decision means that the advertising firm should target each racial group differently in their advertising strategy, as there are significant differences in their TV watching habits. For example, they may want to allocate more advertising resources towards the black demographic, who watch significantly more TV on average, than the white or other demographics. 9 Additional question based on Mock Study 4 2. Describe the circumstances under which you should use ANOVA instead of t-Tests. Explain why t-Tests are inappropriate in these circumstances. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is used to compare the means of three or more groups, while ttests are used to compare the means of two groups. Therefore, ANOVA should be used instead of t-tests when comparing means of three or more groups. In Mock Study 4, we are comparing the mean hours of TV watched across three racial groups: white, black, and other. Since we are comparing means across more than two groups, using ttests would not be appropriate because if we use t-tests to compare each group pairwise, we would increase the likelihood of making a type I error, which is the rejection of a true null hypothesis. Regression (20 points) Mock study 5: Linear Regression 1. Researchers in the field of gerontology are researching the effects of age on mental health. They are using GSS data to gather some preliminary findings. Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct a linear regression analysis to determine whether age affects number of poor mental health days at the .05 level of significance. (Alpha = .05) 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). H0: There is no significant linear relationship between age and number of poor mental health days past 30 days. H1: There is a significant linear relationship between age and number of poor mental health days past 30 days. 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. You only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions. Alpha = .05 10 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” 11 The value of Sig. is 0.000 5. Compare the two and apply the following rule: a. If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. Since the p-value of the predictor variable "Age of respondent" is less than the significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant relationship between age and poor mental health days. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) This decision means that age is a statistically significant predictor of poor mental health days. The regression analysis suggests that as age increases by one unit, the number of poor mental health days decreases by 0.047 days on average, holding all other variables constant. The researchers should continue their study and explore other potential predictors of poor mental health days to develop a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence mental health in older adults. For Mock Study 5, after completing the 5 steps of hypothesis testing, also construct the regression equation for the analysis. What does this tell us? The regression equation will be; Days of poor mental health past 30 days = 5.602 - 0.047(Age of respondent) This means that for every one year increase in age, the number of days of poor mental health past 30 days decreases by 0.047 days, holding all other factors constant. This relationship is negative, indicating that older age is associated with better mental health. Chi-Square (15 points) Mock study 6: Chi-Square Test for Independence 1. Researchers are interested in whether US adults have different levels of confidence in Congress (legislative branch of the federal government) in conjunction with how strongly that person identifies with a specific political party. These data are presented below. Following the five steps of hypothesis testing, conduct chi-square test for independence at the .05 level of significance. (Alpha = .05). 12 1. State your research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). H0: There is no association between political party affiliation and confidence in Congress. H1: There is an association between political party affiliation and confidence in Congress. 2. Identify your significance level (alpha) at .05 or .01, based on the mock study. You only need to use ONE level of significance (either .05 or .01) as specified in the instructions. (Alpha = .05). 3. Conduct your analysis using SPSS. 4. Look for the valid score for comparison. This score is usually under ‘Sig 2-tail’ or ‘Sig. 2’ or ‘Asymptotic Sig.’ We will call this “p.” 13 The value of "p" for Pearson Chi-Square test is 0.016, for Likelihood Ratio test is 0.015, and for Linear-by-Linear Association test is 0.029. 5. Compare the two and apply the following rule: a. If “p” is < or = alpha, then you reject the null. Since all three tests have a p-value less than the significance level of 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. b. Please explain what this decision means in regards to this mock study. (Ex: Will you recommend counseling services?) This decision means that there is a statistically significant association between confidence in Congress and political party affiliation among US adults. Specifically, the results suggest that political party affiliation is related to one's level of confidence in Congress. Therefore, political party affiliation does affect one's confidence in Congress 14 15 Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 5 Questions User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.
