Description ------------------------------------ Assignment 1 ----------------------------------- ...
Description ------------------------------------ Assignment 1 ------------------------------------ Complete the attached worksheet - Minerals_Density.pdf ------------------------------------ Assignment 2 ------------------------------------ Complete the attached worksheet - Minerals_More_Properties.pdf ------------------------------------ Assignment 3 - Week 10 Forum ------------------------------------ Now that you have spent some time learning to identify minerals, which mineral is your favorite and why? Describe some of the properties of this mineral. ------------------------------------- END OF ASSIGNMENTS THANK YOU. ------------------------------------- 2 attachments Slide 1 of 2 attachment_1 attachment_1 attachment_2 attachment_2 UNFORMATTED ATTACHMENT PREVIEW Minerals - Density For this lab, you will continue to learn about mineral identification by interacting with a website developed by David J. Leveson, with photographs by Guillermo Rocha, both from Brooklyn College. This site discusses mineral properties and testing procedures and also provides an opportunity for you to practice testing minerals. Make sure to read all of the information provided on each specific webpage as you attempt to answer the questions. I recommend that you print this lab to keep track of your answers, and then use those to input your answers into our online class site so that you can then get credit for the laboratory exercise. Density is another property of minerals that helps with identification. For example, gold and pyrite may look similar, but their densities are very different. Pyrite has a density of 5.01 g/cm3, while gold has a density of 19.32 g/cm3. This will make a sample of gold feel very heavy for its size. The units cm3and mL are both measurements of volume, although cm3 is commonly for solids, and mL is commonly for liquids. In this lab, we will be measuring volume of water using mL, and will use cm3 for solids. Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance. In other words, it is how packed something is. For example, a tightly packed suitcase is very dense because it has a lot of mass (or stuff) in the volume (or space) that was provided. You can make the suitcase less dense by either taking out some of the clothes (decreasing the mass) or by using a larger suitcase (increasing the volume). The opposite is also true. You can make the suitcase more dense by either shoving in more clothes (increasing the mass) or by using a smaller suitcase (decreasing the volume). Therefore, the density of your suitcase depends on the amount of mass that is present in a certain volume. The equation for density is: D = m/V, where D is density, m is mass, and V is volume. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies. For many standard shapes, there are standard volume formulas. However, most mineral and rock samples are very irregular in shape, so you can’t use a standard volume equation to measure their volume. Instead, to measure the volume of an irregular object, we can use displacement of water. This is done by completely submerging the specimen into a graduated cylinder that is partially filled with water. The water is therefore displaced, and the water level will rise. The amount of displacement of the water is the volume of the irregularly shaped object or mineral. In other words, the volume of the sample is the difference between the starting level of the water and the final level of the water. As a reminder, we will be measuring volume of water using mL, and will use cm3 for solids. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It can be determined by using a scale or triple beam balance, which estimates the amount of mass sitting on it. An object with a lot of mass would be heavier than one with less mass, because it has more matter. Watch the following video in order to learn how to determine the mass of an object with a triple beam balance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAf6HoVK6JI Even though we use a scale to estimate mass, mass is different than weight because weight is dependent upon gravity. You can think of weight as how hard gravity is pulling on an object. For example, being smaller, the Moon has less gravitational pull than Earth does. Therefore, if you were to stand on a scale on the Moon, the Moon would be pulling less on you (compared to Earth), causing you to weigh less than you do on Earth. However, your mass stays the same, no matter where you are, since it is the amount of matter you have. It’s not like you would become skinnier by going to the Moon, although you would weigh less. Procedure: Step 1: Go to the following website: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/density/density_sim3x. html You will see a message at the top that reads, “Welcome to the Virtual Density Testing Lab!” Step 2: Select a mineral from the “Minerals” list on the left (on the website). You will see a picture of the mineral show up in the middle of the Density Determination Table as well as an image of a graduated cylinder on the left of the picture. The red line represents the initial level of the water, before the mineral is immersed into the water. Record this measurement (in mL) on the data table below, to the nearest 10 mL. For example, for mineral #12, the initial water level is at a volume of 750 mL. Step 3: Click on the “Immerse the Mineral” button. An image of the graduated cylinder with the mineral fully immersed in the water appears. Notice that the red line has moved up, signifying that the water level has risen with the immersion of the mineral. Record this new measurement of the water level (in mL) on the data table below. For example, for mineral #12, the final water level is at a volume of 850 mL. Step 4: Subtract the initial volume of water from the final volume of water. This difference is the volume of the mineral, or how much space it takes up. Record the volume of the mineral sample on the data table below. For example, for mineral #12, 850 mL -750 mL = 100 mL, or 100 cm3. Step 5: Click on the “Weigh the Mineral” button. You will see three beams from a triple beam balance show up. Add up and record the mass of the mineral to the nearest tenth of a gram. Always start with the hundreds digit first, then the tens, and then the ones (to the nearest tenth). For example, sample #12, would measure as 200+30+2.5 grams, or 232.5 grams. Record the mass of the mineral sample on the data table below. Step 6: Calculate the density of the mineral, which is mass divided by the volume. Record the density of the mineral on the data table below. For example, for mineral #12, we determined the mass of the mineral to be 232.5 g and the volume of the mineral to be 100 cm3. Therefore, since density = mass/volume (or D=m/V), we get density = 232.5 g/100 cm3, which is 2.33 g/cm3. Step 7: Answer the questions below the data table. Sample # Initial Volume (mL) Final Volume (mL) When Immersed Volume of Mineral (cm3) (Final-Initial) 12 750 mL 850 mL 100 cm3 6 9 21 13 24 19 113 112 Mass (g) 232.5 g Density (g/cm3) (Mass/Volume) 2.33 g/cm3 1. What is density? A. The amount of space an object occupies B. The amount of matter in an object C. The amount of mass in a given volume D. The amount an object weighs 2. What is mass? A. The amount of space an object occupies B. The amount of matter in an object C. The amount of mass in a given volume D. The amount an object weighs 3. What is volume? A. The amount of space an object occupies B. The amount of matter in an object C. The amount of mass in a given volume D. The amount an object weighs 4. How is mass different from weight? A. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, and weight is how much gravity pulls on an object. B. Mass is the amount of how much gravity pulls on an object, and weight is the amount of matter in an object. C. Mass is the amount of space something takes up and weight is the amount of matter in an object D. There is no difference. Mass and weight are the same thing. 5. Use your understanding of density to answer this question: How can a jar of cotton balls at the doctor’s office become more dense? A. Remove some of the cotton balls. B. Add more cotton balls to the jar. C. Get a larger jar to put the cotton balls into. D. It can’t become more dense, since density is a fixed amount. 6. For sample #12, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 7. For sample #12, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 8. What is the volume of sample #12? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 9. What is the mass of sample #12? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 10. What is the density of sample #12? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 11. For sample #6, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. 650 mL 680 mL 720 mL 750 mL 780 mL 820 mL 850 mL 880 mL 12. For sample #6, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 13. What is the volume of sample #6? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 14. What is the mass of sample #6? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 15. What is the density of sample #6? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. F. G. H. I. 3.34 g/cm3 3.38 g/cm3 4.31 g/cm3 4.49 g/cm3 4.71 g/cm3 16. For sample #9, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 17. For sample #9, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 18. What is the volume of sample #9? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 19. What is the mass of sample #9? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 20. What is the density of sample #9? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 21. For sample #21, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 22. For sample #21, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 23. What is the volume of sample #21? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 24. What is the mass of sample #21? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 25. What is the density of sample #21? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 26. For sample #13, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 27. For sample #13, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 28. What is the volume of sample #13? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 29. What is the mass of sample #13? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 30. What is the density of sample #13? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 31. For sample #24, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 32. For sample #24, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 33. What is the volume of sample #24? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 34. What is the mass of sample #24? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 35. What is the density of sample #24? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 36. For sample #19, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. 650 mL 680 mL 720 mL 750 mL 780 mL 820 mL 850 mL 880 mL 37. For sample #19, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 38. What is the volume of sample #19? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 39. What is the mass of sample #19? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 40. What is the density of sample #19? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. F. G. H. I. 3.34 g/cm3 3.38 g/cm3 4.31 g/cm3 4.49 g/cm3 4.71 g/cm3 41. For sample #113, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 42. For sample #113, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 43. What is the volume of sample #113? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 44. What is the mass of sample #113? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 45. What is the density of sample #113? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 46. For sample #112, what is the initial volume of water in the graduated cylinder, before the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 620 mL B. 650 mL C. 680 mL D. 720 mL E. 750 mL F. 780 mL G. 820 mL H. 850 mL I. 880 mL 47. For sample #112, what is the final volume of water in the graduated cylinder, after the mineral was immersed in the water, rounded to the nearest ten? A. 730 mL B. 740 mL C. 790 mL D. 850 mL E. 860 mL F. 870 mL G. 940 mL H. 970 mL I. 1000 mL 48. What is the volume of sample #112? A. 60 cm3 B. 80 cm3 C. 90 cm3 D. 100 cm3 E. 120 cm3 F. 170 cm3 G. 180 cm3 49. What is the mass of sample #112? A. 164.2 g B. 200.6 g C. 232.5 g D. 304.5 g E. 358.8 g F. 375.8 g G. 376.5 g H. 437.3 g I. 516.6 g 50. What is the density of sample #112? A. 2.09 g/cm3 B. 2.33 g/cm3 C. 2.57 g/cm3 D. 2.74 g/cm3 E. 3.34 g/cm3 F. 3.38 g/cm3 G. 4.31 g/cm3 H. 4.49 g/cm3 I. 4.71 g/cm3 Minerals - More Properties For this lab, you will continue to learn about mineral identification by interacting with a website developed by David J. Leveson, with photographs by Guillermo Rocha, both from Brooklyn College. This site discusses mineral properties and testing procedures and also provides an opportunity for you to practice testing minerals. Make sure to read all of the information provided on each specific webpage as you attempt to answer the questions. I recommend that you print this lab to keep track of your answers, and then use those to input your answers into our online class site so that you can then get credit for the laboratory exercise. Part 1: Streak Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form. Unlike the color in hand sample, the streak color is very reliable. A mineral can have many colors in hand sample, but each of those different colored samples will have a similar streak color. For example, the mineral hematite can be black, gray, silver, brown, reddish brown, red, and even iridescent (showing lustrous colors, such as the colors of the rainbow). However, when streaked, all of these forms of hematite will have a red to reddish brown or brownish red streak. Streak is tested by rubbing the mineral on an unglazed porcelain tile, called a streak plate. the streak plate has a hardness of 6.5. Therefore, if the mineral is softer than the streak plate, the mineral will be scratched by it, leaving a powdered mark on the streak plate. The color of this powder is called the mineral’s streak. If a mineral is harder than the streak plate, the mineral will not leave a streak at all. Procedure: Step 1: Go to the following website: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/streak/streak_sim3ax.h tml You will see a message at the top that reads, “Welcome to the Virtual Streak Testing Lab!” Step 2: Select a mineral from the “Minerals” list on the left (on the website). You will see it show up in the middle of the Streak Evaluation Table in picture form, along with a clean streak plate. Step 3: Push the “Make a Scratch” button under the pictures. You will see the streak plate now has a streak on it. If the picture of the streak plate does not change when you press the “Make a Streak” button, then the mineral has no streak. Step 4: Select a color from the “Color Choice” list on the right (on the website). You will see a color patch for that color appear. If that color doesn’t match the color of the streak, continue to click through the color choices until you find one that most resembles the color of the streak. Realize that we don’t all see color the same way, so this is somewhat subjective. Do your best to estimate the color. If you get it wrong, you can always try it again. You can also ignore the text box at the bottom of the website. Step 5: Determine the streak of all of the minerals on the mineral list. Step 6: Answer the questions below about the streak of these minerals. 1. What is the streak of mineral sample #2? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 2. What is the streak of mineral sample #6? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 3. What is the streak of mineral sample #10? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 4. What is the streak of mineral sample #32 (the first one)? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. Yellow-brown Brown Red-brown Red Dark blue Grey Green Green-black Black 5. What is the streak of mineral sample #32 (the second one)? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 6. What is the streak of mineral sample #39? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 7. What is the streak of mineral sample #34? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. I. J. K. L. Dark blue Grey Green Green-black Black 8. What is the streak of mineral sample #15? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 9. What is the streak of mineral sample #19? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 10. What is the streak of mineral sample #21? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 11. What is the streak of mineral sample #22? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 12. What is the streak of mineral sample #51? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 13. What is the streak of mineral sample #50? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 14. What is the streak of mineral sample #36? A. No Streak B. Colorless or White C. Yellow D. Yellow-brown E. Brown F. Red-brown G. Red H. Dark blue I. Grey J. Green K. Green-black L. Black 15. What is the streak of a mineral? A. How it scratches glass B. The color of a mineral in a sample C. The color of a mineral in powdered form Part 2: Breakage How a mineral breaks can also help to identify the mineral. When minerals are hit with a hammer, they will either break irregularly, which we call fracture, or they can break along parallel, flat, shiny surfaces, which we call cleavage. Some minerals will break with some surfaces having fracture, while other surfaces have cleavage. However, if a mineral shows both cleavage and fracture, the fracture is basically ignored, and the cleavage is studied further. There are different types of fracture, as well as different types of cleavage. In this lab, we will simplify it and call all types of fracture simply fracture. However, we will observe different types of cleavage, such as platy or micaceous cleavage, cubic cleavage, rhombohedral cleavage, octahedral cleavage, and prismatic cleavage. In this lab, you will virtually hit each sample with a hammer, and the shapes you see are a result of how they broke. Procedure: Step 1: Go to the following website: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/cleavage/cleave_sim1x .html You will see a message at the top that reads, “Welcome to the Virtual Breakage Testing Lab!” Step 2: Select a mineral from the “Minerals” list on the left (on the website). You will see it show up in the middle-left area of the Breakage Evaluation Table in picture form. Step 3: Push the “Break the Mineral” button under the picture. You will see broken fragments of the mineral appear to the right of the sample. Step 4: Analyze the broken pieces and select a type of cleavage or fracture from the “Breakage Type” list on the right (of the website). A diagram of the type of cleavage or fracture that you chose will show under the pictures. If the breakage type shown in the diagram matches the fragments from you breaking the mineral, then you have correctly determined the breakage for this mineral. If the breakage type shown in the diagram does not match the breakage of the fragments, choose another breakage type. Continue this process until you find the correct breakage type. Step 5: Answer the questions below about the breakage of these minerals. 16. Which type of breakage does sample #6 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 17. Which type of breakage does sample #12 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 18. Which type of breakage does sample #13 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 19. Which type of breakage does sample #21 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 20. Which type of breakage does sample #16 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 21. Which type of breakage does sample #18 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 22. Which type of breakage does sample #9 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 23. Which type of breakage does sample #10 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage 24. Which type of breakage does sample #5 display? A. Irregular (fracture) B. Sheets/plates (platy cleavage) C. Cubic cleavage D. Rhombohedral cleavage E. Octahedral cleavage F. Prismatic cleavage Part 3: Miscellaneous Visual Properties. Procedure: Step 1: Go to the following website: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/misc/misc_gallery2x.h tml You will see a message at the top that reads, “Welcome to the Miscellaneous Visual Properties Testing Lab.” This site will help you apply descriptive terms to some of the visual properties that minerals often display. Step 2: On the left side of the Miscellaneous Visual Properties Gallery (on the website) there are categories for luster and passage of light, which are the two visual properties we will explore. Step 3: Click on one of the terms within these categories. Read the description about that characteristic and look for that characteristic in the pictured mineral or minerals that have also been displayed in the central section of the gallery. Specimen numbers are found in the upper left-hand corner of each picture. Step 4: Answer the questions below about the visual properties of minerals. 25. Which luster is described as reflecting light like metal does? A. vitreous B. dull/earthy C. silky D. metallic 26. Which luster is due to light reflected from an aggregate of fine parallel fibers and is described as reflecting light like silk does? A. vitreous B. dull/earthy C. silky D. metallic 27. Which luster is described as reflecting light like glass does? A. vitreous B. dull/earthy C. silky D. metallic 28. Which luster is described as not reflecting light well and instead lacks luster? A. vitreous B. dull/earthy C. silky D. metallic 29. Which of the following is an example of a mineral with a vitreous luster? A. #84 B. #12 C. #21 D. #19 30. Which of the following is an example of a mineral with a dull/earthy luster? A. #84 B. #12 C. #21 D. #19 31. Which of the following is an example of a mineral with a silky luster? A. #84 B. #12 C. #21 D. #19 32. Which of the following is an example of a mineral with a metallic luster? A. #84 B. #12 C. #21 D. #19 33. When it comes to the passage of light for a mineral, what are the differences between transparent, translucent, and opaque? A. If you can see an object through the mineral, like looking through clear glass, it is described as being translucent. If light can go through the mineral, but you can’t see an object through it, it is transparent. If light is not transmitted through the mineral at all, it is considered opaque. B. If you can see an object through the mineral, like looking through clear glass, it is described as being opaque. If light can go through the mineral, but you can’t see an object through it, it is translucent. If light is not transmitted through the mineral at all, it is considered transparent. C. If you can see an object through the mineral, like looking through clear glass, it is described as being transparent. If light can go through the mineral, but you can’t see an object through it, it is opaque. If light is not transmitted through the mineral at all, it is considered translucent. D. If you can see an object through the mineral, like looking through clear glass, it is described as being transparent. If light can go through the mineral, but you can’t see an object through it, it is translucent. If light is not transmitted through the mineral at all, it is considered opaque. 34. Which of the following is caused by parallel grooves that disperse reflected white light, causing a display of colors when viewed from different angles? A. transparence B. translucence C. opaqueness D. double refraction E. iridescence 35. Which of the following will cause you to see double of an object while looking through the mineral? A. transparence B. translucence C. opaqueness D. double refraction E. iridescence Part 4: Non-Visual Miscellaneous Properties Minerals can also be identified by non-visual properties or other tests, such as taste, smell, magnetism, reaction to acid, elasticity, and sound. Most minerals do not have a taste or a smell to them, but some do. For example, some will taste salty, minerals with sulfur will smell like rotten eggs or a burnt match, and those with arsenic smell like garlic. Minerals that have a lot of iron in them can be attracted to a magnet. For example, one mineral is actually named magnetite, since it is so magnetic. Lodestone is a variety of magnetite that is actually a magnet. Carbonate minerals will react with hydrochloric acid, producing carbon dioxide. Therefore, a small drop of this acid on a carbonate mineral will effervesce (bubble and fizz). Elasticity is tested by bending the mineral. Some minerals are more elastic than others. Therefore, when an elastic mineral is bent, it springs back to their original shape. This is typically seen with minerals that are found in thin sheets. Sound can also be useful to identify one specific mineral. If it is held in a warm hand, it can often produce a cracking sound as a result of it not transmitting heat well. The outside of the mineral expands, while the inside of the mineral doesn’t. This causes the outside to separate from the inside, producing a cracking sound. Procedure: Step 1: Go to the following website: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/graphics/other/other_sim1.html You will see a message at the top that reads, “Welcome to the Non-Visual Properties Testing Lab!” This site will help you virtually test some of the non-visual properties that minerals often display, such as taste, smell, sound, magnetism, reaction to acid, and elasticity. Step 2: Click on one of the samples within these categories, such as #13 under the “Taste” category. A picture of the mineral will appear in the center area on the left-hand side. Step 3: Push the “Results” button. Another picture will appear on the righthand side of the center area, showing the results of the test. In addition, read the comments will appear in the lower right-hand side box in the center area of the table. Step 4: Answer the questions below about the non-visual miscellaneous properties of minerals. 36. Does sample #13 have a taste? A. No, it does not have a taste. B. Yes, it tastes sweet. C. Yes, it tastes salty. D. Yes, it tastes like garlic. 37. Does sample #6 have a taste? A. No, it does not have a taste. B. Yes, it tastes sweet. C. Yes, it tastes salty. D. Yes, it tastes like garlic. 38. Does sample #19 have a smell? A. No, it does not have a smell. B. Yes, it smells like a rotten egg when freshly streaked or hit with a hammer. C. Yes, it smells smoky when freshly streaked or hit with a hammer. D. Yes, it smells like citrus when freshly streaked or hit with a hammer. 39. Does sample #
